• Editorial str. 1-6 Download
• Predgovor str. 7-8 Download
• Otvaranje međunarodnog naučnog skupa „1941. u Crnoj Gori. Osamdeset godina od trinaestojulskog ustanka“ Download
Članci:
• Radoslav RASPOPOVIĆ, TRINAESTOJULSKI USTANAK U EVROPSKOJ ISTORIJI, 13-30 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022RR
ABSTRACT: In the context of historical events at the beginning of the Second World War, the question of the degree of reaction of popular movements in European countries in opposing the expansion of fascism and Nazism was raised. The paper gives a brief overview of the general situation in enslaved Europe, in which the Thirteenth July Uprising was a kind of exception and represented a “phenomenon of European history”.
• Zoran LAKIĆ, 13-JULSKI ANTIFAŠISTIČKI USTANAK U CRNOJ GORI 1941. GODINE ‒ FENOMEN DRUGOG SVJETSKOG RATA, 31-36 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022ZL
• Dušan STANIĆ, UZROCI TRINAESTOJULSKOG USTANKA U CRNOJ GORI 1941. GODINE, 37-50 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022DS
ABSTRACT: After the collapse of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941 the area of today’s Montenegro was, for the most part, in the sphere of the Italian occupation zone. Italy introduced a mild occupation administration, the mildest one in occupied Europe. Their aim was to please and win over the people of Montenegro. People had more freedom to move around, trade, work and travel. The price of some food products was reduced, so a larger number of people could afford better food. Trade and craft shops, cafes and hotels were allowed to operate as normal. After a month, the schools were re-opened as well. Even communist organizations acted more freely, given that the Communist Party of Yugoslavia was banned and persecuted in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. There was no organized or group arrest of the population. On the 17th of April, the day of the entry of Italian troops into Cetinje, the „Provisional Administrative Montenegrin Committee” was formed, as an authority in the country under the auspices of Italy. The task of the Committee was to establish and maintain the smooth functioning of the country. In May 1941, this Committee was renamed to „Technical- Administrative Council”. The foundation for the establishment of the new government was the support of a smaller band of Montenegrin separatists, who perceived the
occupation as the liberation. They were mostly supporters of the Federalist Party. The Civil Commissioner for Montenegro, Serafino Mazzolini, had absolute power over all government bodies. For the occupation of Montenegro Italy set aside the „Messina” division, and they did not foresee any major problems in keeping the people in subjection. An uprising against the Italian government broke out on July 13, 1941, the day after the proclamation of independent Montenegro in Cetinje, under the auspices of Italy. Thus, the separatists‘ plan to create an independent state under the patronage of fascism failed. To break up the uprising Italy needed to use six divisions with reinforcements. Along with this, they required four divisions and several smaller units to maintain the occupation. This tied considerable enemy forces to Montenegro after the suppression of the Uprising. Based on the above and the available archives, it is necessary to answer several questions:
1) What are Italy‘s motives for occupying Montenegro?
2) How did Italy see Montenegro as part of its occupation zone and in
its future plans?
3) What were the expectations regarding the keeping of the Montenegrin
people in obedience?
4) What was the role of Montenegrin separatists in the occupation?
5) What was the attitude of the people towards the occupier?
6) What were the expectations about the possibility of an Uprising?
7) What was the contribution of the CPY and the officers of the former
Yugoslav Army to the uprising?
• Federiko GODI, IŠČITAVANJE ITALIJANSKE OKUPACIJE KROZ BIOGRAFIJU FRANČESKA ZANIJA, 51-60 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022FG
ABSTRACT: In some recent works on the Italian military occupations in the Second World War, it has been pointed out how important the space of action of a superior officer in command of a military division was. Through the specific study of a segment of the occupation, the incidence of occupation policies can in fact be reconstructed, and a historical investigation that determines individual responsibilities is facilitated. These interpretative lines are well reconciled with the scientific literature which has long since deconstructed the stereotypical profile of the “good Italian”. This article is an attempt to give a new interpretative key through a specific case study: the military and political path of General Francesco Zani.
• Aleksandar ŽIVOTIĆ, SSSR I PITANJE ORGANIZOVANJA ORUŽANOG OTPORA U CRNOJ GORI 1941. GODINE, 61-74 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022AZ
ABSTRACT : Based on unpublished and untill now mostly unknonw documents of the Soviet diplomatic services and central organs of the Co- mintern, as well as existing historiography and memoir literature, this paper analyzes the Soviet view of the consequences of the Yugoslav military col- lapse during the April War, the character of the division of Yugoslav territo- ry with special reference to the territory of Montenegro, the establishment of the occupation system and preparations for the organization of armed resistance. The paper contains an overview of various Soviet activities in terms of preserving and expanding its intelligence network and organizing armed de- tachments intended for guerrilla warfare. It points to the dual nature of Soviet actions through military-diplomatic and intelligence organs that acted in cooperation with official state organs, civic political groups and Comintern organs that exerted their influence through the extensive illegal network of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.
• Srđa MARTINOVIĆ, ZNAČAJ I KARAKTER VOJNIH OPERACIJA U JULSKOM USTANKU 1941. GODINE, 75-91 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022SM
ABSTRACT: The military actions of the Montenegrin insurgents were typically guerrilla, the structure of military units was organized on the strong tribal foundations of the former Montenegrin People‘s Army. The battle groups were prepared weeks in advance, but their number in the uprising exceeded expectations. Although poorly armed, the insurgents achieved great beginnings and successes. In just a few months, the military organization of guerrilla groups has developed into battalion and brigade formations. The echo of the July 13 uprising had a strong motivational capacity in other parts of Yugoslavia, and its messages are the corridor foundations of modern Montenegro.
• Bojan JOVANOVIĆ, PRVA USTANIČKA PUŠKA – VLADO DAPČEVIĆ, 93-107 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022BJ
ABSTRACT: The thirteenth of July is a historical theme as well as a historical jubilee. The main intention of this paper is to try to explore it through a biographical prism, namely, through a focused biography and personal contribution of Vlado Dapčević to the Thirteenth of July Uprising. A historical event not only for Montenegrin history, the uprising began on July 13, 1941 between 2 and 3 o‘clock in the morning, with an attack by a guerrilla unit of insurgents on the Italian station in Čevo. Dapčević not only participated in, but in fact led this action.
KEYWORDS: 13th of July, Vlado Dapčević, persona non grata, reconsideration, Čevo
• Filip KUZMAN, CETINJSKI SREZ U TRINAESTOJULSKOM USTANKU, 109-128 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022FK
ABSTRACT: The topic of the article is the Thirteenth of July uprising on the territory that belonged to the Cetinje district in 1941. Chronologically, the article covers the period of eight months between the April War and the Battle of Pljevlja, that is, from the first days of the occupation, through preparations for the uprising and the battles between the rebels and Italians, to the suppression of the uprising and the creation of Lovćen partisan unit. The focus of the article is on the battles during the month of July, and special attention was dedicated to the most important battles and Italian reprisals that followed in response to the uprising.
• Nenad PEROŠEVIĆ, NIKŠIĆKI SREZ U USTANKU 13. JULA I ANTIFAŠISTIČKOJ BORBI (JUL – DECEMBAR 1941), 129-142 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022NP
ABSTRACT: Preparations for the fight against the Italian occupier in the County of Niksic started almost immediately after the April War was over, when the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was defeated by the superior enemy, and its territory was occupied and divided between Germany (Third Reich), Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria. The territory of the then County of Niksic had an immense geostrategic position. The County of Niksic covered a large area of 2.118 km2 with approximately 45.000 inhabitants and with the region of Durmitor and western Boka it represented a unique geopolitical and operational territory. This region made a link between the National Liberation Movement of Montenegro with the same Movement in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Sandzak (Raska) and Serbia. After the initial successful battles against the Italian occupier in the Uprising of 13th of July, and the temporarily suppressed uprising in the middle of August 1941 by the occupier, there were no battles in the County of Niksic until the end of October 1941 when battles and diversions gained momentum again. The experience gained in July and August against the occupier was valuable in further development of the anti-fascist movement and the fights which continued at the time.
• Vukota VUKOTIĆ, ILEGALNI RAD KPJ U NIKŠIĆKOM SREZU UOČI TRINAESTOJULSKOG USTANKA 1941. GODINE, 143-155 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022VV
ABSTRACT: The Communist Party of Montenegro began its activities immediately after the end of the First World War. Very quickly, its organization spread to all major places in Montenegro. Among them, from the very beginning, is Nikšić, as one of the most important cities. The CPY network branched out both in the town and in the wider area of the county, encompassing all smaller towns and villages in the wider area. The work of the CPY in the underground contributed to strengthening the awareness of citizens about the importance of the existence of their own nation and made an overture to one of the most important events in Montenegrin history – the Thirteenth July Uprising.
• Žarko LEKOVIĆ, PLJEVALJSKA BITKA- UVOD U GRAĐANSKI RAT, 157-177 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022ZL2
ABSTRACT: With the general uprising of July 13, 1941, the people of Montenegro rejected Italian policy, which sought to include Montenegro in the sphere of interest of Italy by creating an independent Montenegrin state. The breadth of the uprising, its unexpectedness and the strength of the first coup paralyzed the Italian occupation administration. The logical sequence
of events from this uprising, which was suppressed in August 1941, is the Battle in Pljevlja on December 1 of the same year. This battle has attracted the attention of domestic and foreign historiography for decades. Differences in data are evident. The expected conquest of Pljevlja did not take place. The city was defended by fighters of the elite Italian division „Pusteria”. Huge omissions in the tactical sense were punished by a large number of victims, while the reprisals against the innocent population were horrific. The defeat in Pljevlja was a sad sign of hopelessness, an introduction to the atmosphere that once again justified the forces of political realism. The road to acomplishing that right was hard. If the suppression of the July uprising
shook the people‘s faith in the possibility of expelling the occupiers, the terrible consequences of the Battle of Pljevlja buried the last hope for a speedy liberation. Unfortunately, the scenes of panicked retreat and mass desertion brought great unrest. The people became aware that they were endangeredby this adventure. The disappointment was huge.
• Slavko BURZANOVIĆ, „ZELENI PARTIZANI”, 179-187 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022SB
ABSTRACT: The paper analyzes the propaganda use of the name “green partisans” for members and sympathizers of the Montenegrin Federalist Party and members of the Quisling military forces in Montenegro, which were commanded by Krsto Popović in the period 1942-1944. The origin of the term is related to an unnamed Italian intelligence officer and was initially used for members of the Chetnik leadership in Montenegro. Furthermore, the paper contains one, until now unpublished document relevant to the understanding of this issue, a copy of which is preserved in the State Archive of Montenegro in Cetinje.
• Radenko ŠĆEKIĆ, SIMBOLIKA 1941. GODINE I DRUGOG SVJETSKOG RATA U POLITIČKOM DISKURSU CRNE GORE OSAM DECENIJA KASNIJE, 189-201 Download
DOI:10.53251/iz1-22022RS
ABSTRACT: The area of Montenegro, although small and sparsely populated, felt in its worst form the year 1941, occupation, uprising, the beginning of fratricide, crimes. The spiral of mutual crimes began to spread to all conflicting parties and the tragedy of those events and consequences are still alive today, both in media discourse and in historiography. The use of
the symbolism of certain personalities, their glorification or demonization from that period is often in collision with historical facts. Substitution of theses, misinterpretation, „taking out of context” – represent a general trend of political and media abuse of the Second World War in Montenegro eight decades later. There is a noticeable tendency to label and qualify public figures, political entities and even entire ethnic or religious groups in a negative context, that they are allegedly fascist, genocidal, pro-Ustasha, pro-Chetnik and the like – which is becoming a commonplace in the media and political life.
• Danilo KALEZIĆ, FRAMING THE 13TH OF JULY UPRISING: CHANGING PERCEPTIONS IN THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE, 203-214 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022DK1
ABSTRACT: The paper explores the narratives of the 13th of July Uprising in Montenegro in several historical phases and instances in the last 80 years. Research broadly identifies three distinct and fundamentally competing narratives which dominated the public sphere and (re)shaped popular attitudes towards this cornerstone event in the Montenegrin History. Distinct narratives are intrinsically linked to the following historical periods (1) 1945 – 1991, Yugoslav era and state-sponsored Marxist historiography; (2) 1991-2006, dissolution of Yugoslavia and democratic transition; (3) 2006-current, independent Montenegro. The paper postulates that the changing political context and ‘top-down’ value approach determined the
radically different interpretations and contextualization of the Uprising in 1941, framing the event(s) accordingly. Differently than in other similar historiographical disputes evolving (changing) narratives brought significant differences in material interpretations of the causes, political agenda, and mainstream flow of events. Together with the nation-building effort in the last decades the Uprising received a gradually different shading which stands in the heart of the paper’s research.
• Dragana KUJOVIĆ, ĆAMIL SIJARIĆ, „OSLOBOĐENI JASENOVAC”- PODIJELJENA TRAUMA ŽRTVE, 215-229 Download
DOI 10.53251/iz1-22022DK
ABSTRACT: Ćamil Sijarić, a Montenegrin writer and participant in People’s Liberation War, TANJUG reporter and journalist, was one of the first to enter Jasenovac concentration camp in April 1945, immediately after its liberation In his writings Oslobođeni Jasenovac, between fiction and journalistic style, Sijarić testified a few decades later about the horrors and most terrible suffering of camp prisoners and shares with readers the traumatic memory of suffering, pain and misfortune of the persecuted. Most of them were not combatants of the national liberation movement. In his notes on the Jasenovac concentration camp, Sijarić follows the facts about the severe violence that took place there and inserts images of victims into the entire
Yugoslav memories of war horrors, which surpass, as much as symbols, the particularity of historical memories.
• Božena MILJIĆ, TRINAESTOJULSKI USTANAK I NOP U OKUPATORSKOJ ŠTAMPI NA TERITORIJI CRNE GORE TOKOM 1941. GODINE, 231-253 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022BM
ABSTRACT: After the capitulation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the April war, the occupation authority of fascist Italy was established on the territory of Montenegro. The revolt of a part of the population culminated on July 13, 1941, when a mass uprising broke out. Even after the collapse of the uprising, members of the People’s Liberation Movement continued to resist the occupier – first the Italian, then the German authorities. The occupying power also established control over the press, as a means of informing the population. The focus of this paper will be on how the press, which was under the supervision of the occupying authorities, presented (or rather, did not present) the Thirteenth of July Uprising and how throughout 1941 the newspapersreported on the actions of members of the partisan movement. It is interesting
to follow how the occupation propaganda functioned, through newspapers available to the ordinary population, with which they wanted to impose a different view of reality in Montenegro.
KЕYWORDS: Thirteenth of July Uprising, Montenegro, Italian occupation, Newspaper, propaganda, People’s Liberation Movement
• Tatjana KOPRIVICA, VIZUELNA SVJEDOČANSTVA O ITALIJANSKOJ OKUPACIJI CRNE GORE 1941. GODINE, 255-267 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022TK
ABSTRACT: The paper discusses visual testimonies, photographs, and video material, photographed in Montenegro in 1941, by the Italian cameramen and photographers, as a source of propaganda and documentary evidence. The corpus of photographs and video footage analyzed in this paper is preserved in Italian state and private archives in Rome and Milano,
as well as in private collections.
• Milica NIKOLIĆ, ŽENSKA STRANA NARODNOOSLOBODILAČKE BORBE U CRNOJ GORI, 269-282 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022MN
ABSTRACT: The legacy of the National Liberation War (NOB) occasionally becomes a matter of public interest, usually not for the right reasons, more often for the benefit of socio-political elites who approach this topic according to the current political developments. Such attitude often results in the mythologization of achievements, and currently, it appears that in the whole Yugoslav space including Montenegro, relativization of the fight and balance of power, marginalizing of values, and even declaratory upholding of the values, deprived of essential understanding of NOB, its importance for the given time and space context, including more prevailing revisionism. However, either already established postulates or aforementioned revisionism, barely mention the role of women in NOB. Thus, this paper aims to address the contributions of women, shed light on the ‘feminine side’ of NOB, and re-examine the gender roles back then, but also in the current reading of NOB.
• Mirjana ŽIVKOVIĆ, MUZIČKO NASLJEĐE NOB-A, 283-297 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022MZ
ABSTRACT: Relying primarily on tradition, music in Montenegro during the National Liberation War, despite the difficult years of slavery, revived with new strength whose main motives were the call for rebellion, the struggle for liberation and the path to a brighter future. Resisting the occupier in 1941, the people of Montenegro, determined to oppose the enemy,
called for a nationwide uprising with their songs, the songs raised fighting morale, instilled courage and were an incentive for further action. Created on the model of old patriotic and revolutionary songs, they testify to significant events, endless marches and great battles that were fought during the liberation war on the territory of Montenegro and in the entire South Slavic area. Long after the end of the war, popular partisan songs against fascism and workers ‘songs with social themes dealing with labor rights, social justice and equality were sung at celebrations and workers’ events. In that period of rebuilding the destroyed country, in the newly formed socio-political system, many creators sided with ideologically oriented socially engaged action. Mass songs with current, socio-political content, then rhapsodies, poems, cantatas, oratorios and suites, thematically related to events and personalities from the National Liberation War were created in the post-war decades by Montenegrin composer Borislav Tamindzic (1932-1992). Adapting music to the given themes, he composed and did arrangements for films, theater, radio and television dramas and thus created works that became part of the program of stage and music spectacles, state anniversaries, traditional ceremonies, events and important anniversaries related to World War II organized in Montenegro and the former Yugoslavia.
• Draško DOŠLJAK, SLIKA NOB-A U CRNOGORSKOJ HODONIMIJI, 299-306 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022DD
ABSTRACT: The author gives an overview of the hodonymy of Montenegro, as well as their motivation. Hodonyms (names of streets, squares, and bridges) are important elements of the identity of every city and settlement because they preserve traces of historical development, social change, the culture of memory, language layers, and overall development of civilization.
Hodonyms are not just landmarks in one settlement or city, although we keep in mind that this is their primary function. They are also cultural monuments of one area – the names by which a city is recognized. As bearers of certain symbols, walkers represent various social, political and cultural images, as well as spatial landmarks. Hodonyms in the settlements of Montenegro
are also related to certain important personalities and events from the Second World War: partisan commanders, national heroes, partisan champions, brigades, divisions, important battles, etc.
• Petar LEKIĆ, MUZEJ NOB-A NA CETINJU, 307-315 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022PL
ABSTRACT: The Museum of the People’s Liberation War within the State Museum in Cetinje was founded in 1950, with the aim of collecting,processing and preserving the heritage of the People’s Liberation Movement, the Workers’ movement and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia in Montenegro. The time period this institution focused on was determined between the First World War and 1945. In the then socialist country, anti-fascism and the struggle for liberation were undisputable foundations of identity. The genesis of the Museum as an independent unit from 1950 to 1963, since when this institution has been part of the Cetinje Museum, has been preserved through the archives located within the National Museum. The director of the Museumof the National Liberation War was the famous Montenegrin painter
Aleksandar Prijić who, together with other professional staff led the activites in accordance with the purpose of existence of the collection and the needs of society. So far, the academia rarely dealt in more detail with this topic, the exception is ‘’The Development of the Museum Service in Montenegro’’ by Đuro Batrićević, published in Cetinje in 1998. The fund of the then Museum contained material that preceded and originated from the Thirteenth of July Uprising in 1941. This event was a milestone in the development of the history of the citizens of Montenegro, that is, it paved the way for the creation of a socialist society and a federal Yugoslavia, in which Montenegro was oneof the six republics. With further restructuring, the Museum material became the legacy of the History Museum, where historical sources from prehistory to the modern era have been and are preserved.
• Anastazija MIRANOVIĆ, ŠTO JE NAMA NAŠA BORBA DALA?, 317-328 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022AM
ABSTRACT: The paper is based on the anti-fascist, national liberation struggle and marking the 80th anniversary of the uprising of the people of Montenegro, that is, artistic reflections/articulations and interventions of a given topic through a generational cross-section. The planned art project contains three segments: an exhibition of works by „old” masters from the holdings of the National Museum of Montenegro, an exhibition of works by artists invited by the author and an exhibition of works by younger artists who will be selected through a public competition. The exhibitions will take place in phases, fifteen days apart between individual segments that ultimately form a single whole. The basic idea is to make a cross-section and see how in the first, post-war years, artists considered the given context of the National Liberation War and its achievements in the so-called. social realism, like today‘s, already well-known artists articulate the given topics, and the most intriguing and most anticipated will be gaining insight into the artistic and artistic reflections of the (youngest) generation of Montenegrin artists of the time to which they did not physically belong. The project tends to answer the question of how many topics of the National Liberation War, free- dom, anti-fascism are represented in Montenegrin art.
• Ljiljana KARADŽIĆ, ANTON LUKATELI- GRAFIČAR I ILLUSTRATORHRONIČAR NOB-A, SKICA ZA PORTRET, 329-337 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022LjK
ABSTRACT: The aim of the paper is that, through research of scarce and rare documentation and memories collected from the artist‘s daughter, primaballerina Ivanka Lukateli, to illuminate the life, ideological principles and creative poetics of Anton Lukateli, an insufficiently studied and unjustly neglected artist who dedicated his enitre opus to anti-fascism and National Liberation War. Anton Lukateli was a participant in the National Liberation War from 1941, a versatile cultural worker, one of the founders of ULUCG (The Association of Fine Artists of Montenegro) its first secretary, initiator of Montenegrin cinematography, author of the first ‚‘Pobjeda‘‘ logo where he worked as an illustrator, and author of the first social dinar in Montenegro, together with the painter Milan Božović. He was one of the first representatives of social realism in Montenegro, and his most successful works were linocuts with a war thematics, on which he manifested resistance to injustice and violence through convincing artistic expression. He was the author of the first post-war map of graphics with which he participated in the Pan-Slavic Exhibition of Graphics in Prague in 1946, and one copy is preserved in the National Museum of Montenegro. Because of his beliefs, he was imprisoned on Goli Otok from 1952 to 1954. After Goli Otok, he moved to Belgrade, where he withdrew from public life in a certain way and was engaged in scenography and film work.
• Maša JOVOVIĆ, IDEJA UMJETNIČKE SLOBODE PETRA LUBARDE, 339-344 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022MJ
ABSTRACT: During Petar Lubarda‘s stay in Montenegro, in the first post-war years, thanks to specific cultural and political circumstances, primarily the government‘s attitude towards the cultural elite and the desire to constitute national art enriched with epic tradition, folk culture and „local color” emphasized in organizing many events , conditions were created for
the „deconstruction of socialist realism”. During this „Montenegrin period” of Lubarda, works were created that marked the liberation of art from the constraints of state-party control and the imposed aesthetics of social realism by which Lubarda opened the door to modernist aesthetics.
• Slavica STAMATOVIĆ VUČKOVIĆ, USTANAK I REVOLUCIJA: MEMORIJALNA ARHITEKTURA CRNE GORE, 345-360 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022SSV
ABSTRACT: Monuments dedicated to the Second World War, works by famous Montenegrin and Yugoslav artists and architects, represent a significant part of Montenegro’s cultural heritage. With their multi-layered meanings and values, they occupy an important place in the historical and social context of modern Montenegro, pointing to the original freedom spirit of the Montenegrin people. The great monument is directly related to the uprising period in 1941 (Monument to the Revolution in Virpazar; Memorial Park to the Uprising and Revolution in Grahovo; Monument to the Fallen Zeta Fighters in the National Liberation War in Golubovci, etc.), and many are through central republican celebrations July 13, just ceremoniously opened on this important holiday (Mausoleum of the Partisan Fighter in Gorica in Podgorica; Monument to the Fallen Fighters in Žabljak, etc.). The integration of sculptural-architectural artistic expression, characteristic of almost all monuments, makes them significant examples of memorial architecture in Montenegroand beyond. For the further correct understanding of their multi-layered meanings and values, the tourist valorization of these monuments is also important. Research conducted through the regional project WWII Monument SEE Assessment of monuments dedicated to World War II for the formation of a new regional tourist product / cultural route in Southeast Europe (conducted by NGO Expeditio, Kotor in cooperation with Regional Cooperation Council RCC, 2018/19), had with the aim of recognizing and promoting the layered meanings and values of these monuments, as well as the somewhat later book “Monuments of World War II in Montenegro” (2020, NGO Expeditio).
• Dušan MEDIN, Dobrila VLAHOVIĆ, MEMORIJALIZACIJA DRUGOG SVJETSKOG RATA NA TERITORIJI OPŠTINE BUDVA KROZ SPOMEN OBILJEŽJA SA STATUSOM KULTURNOG DOBRA, 361-373 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022DMDV
ABSTRACT. The paper reviews the phenomena of memorialization and culture of memory and forgetting on the example of cultural heritage in the territory of the Municipality of Budva, which affirms the memory of World War II. Particular focus will be placed on the cultural property status, the most numerous segments from this heritage, which comes in different types, forms and materialization, and also from different time periods, precisely from the early 1950s. Furthermore, the frameworks of the normative and institutional protection of memorials with the status of cultural property in Montenegro, which are the instrument of their protection, will be consid- ered. The paper presents contribution of the authors in the fight against the increasingly present dangerous social tendencies (not only in our country), such as the revision of historical events and reoccurring attempts to equalize the collaborators movement with antfascist movement, but also against all frequently occurring practices of devastation of the memorials.
• Magdalena RADUNOVIĆ, UTICAJ TRINAESTOJULSKOG USTANKA I NOR-A NA DJELA SPOMENIČKE ARHITEKTURE, 375-385 Download
DOI 10.53251/iz1-22022MR
ABSTRACT: Memorials are used to permanently mark important events, preserve memories of prominent personalities, nurture human ideals and cultural and historical traditions, and pay tribute to freedom fighters, civilian victims of war and mass suffering. Recognition, preservation and popularization of the original tangible and intangible message of monuments and memorials is a professional obligation of all those who deal with the valorization of cultural heritage in various ways. Different types of memorials: monuments, memorial plaques, memo- rial busts, memorial houses, memorial tombs, places of mass executions and other memorials, as materialized memories of important personalities and events, largely depict value patterns and social circumstances of the period in which they were erected, as well as the artistic achievements and craftsmanship of those who shaped them. Monuments and memorials are witness- es of our turbulent history, memory of heroic deeds, significant historical events and personalities. The special feature of the memorials is their spiritual value in terms of preserving the memory of their dedication, and for the most of these memorials, it is the legacy of the Thirteenth of July Uprising and the entire National Liberation War. Their authorial, artistic and architectural value is also special. As such, these memorials represent an extreme- ly important segment of the state‘s cultural heritage. In accordance with the passing time, the social and cultural attitude towards memorials is evolving and changing. The erection of the monuments is becoming part of the urban transformation of the city, especially during the past few decades, but also due to more intensive international cooperation. The memorials were intro- duced into the Register of Cultural Monuments of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments as: „monuments of the People‘s Revolution”, „monuments of the National Liberation War”, „monuments from the First World War”, „monuments from the Balkan Wars”, „Sculpture” and others. The first law regulating the issue of memorials was passed in 1971.
• Dobrila VLAHOVIĆ, KULTURNA BAŠTINA, SIMBOL KOLEKTIVNOG SJEĆANJA NA TRINAESTOJULSKI USTANAK, 387-402 Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022DV
ABSTRACT: In her work, the author wants to draw attention to the importance of protecting and preserving the material heritage of antifascism by presenting a valuable segment of the Montenegrin memorial cultural heritage with a focus on the heritage dedicated to the Thirteenth of July Uprising. This is an important issue, especially today, when in some countries, unlike in Montenegro, there is an increasing re-examination of the narratives of the past, but also the revision of memories.
The July 13 uprising in Montenegro has a special significance in its history, which is why its citizens inherit a cult of collective memory according to that event and the period of the National Liberation War. In Montenegrin society, there is no review of the memory of the NLW period, on the contrary, a positive social attitude is expressed, which, among other things, is indicated by numerous monuments and memorials, built to re- mind of that period. Monuments to the fighters killed during the National Liberation War were the first symbols of the cult of revolution in Montene- grin post-war society, but also places of historical memories and commemorative practices. Due to their historical significance, most of them have been placed under state protection, have the status of cultural property and represent a significant segment of Montenegrin cultural heritage. There- fore, the paper will discuss this type of cultural heritage, insufficiently valorised and presented, its legal status, condition, and also its role and significance for society.
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