• Riječ redakcije. Parola della redazione. Editorial Board Statement, 7-12   DOWNLOAD
• Radoslav RASPOPOVIĆ, Pozdravna riječ, 13-15   DOWNLOAD
• Uvodni govor prof. dr Antuna SBUTEGE, ambasadora Crne Gore pri Svetoj stolici i pri Suverenom viteškom malteškom redu, na otvaranju međunarodnog naučnog skupa „Jadranski korijeni. Neizbrisivi istorijsko-kulturni temelji jedinstva“ u Kotoru 2012. godine, 17-21    DOWNLOAD
• Adolfo MORGANTI, Il discorso inaugurale, 23-26    DOWNLOAD

ČLANCI

• Nevenka BOGOJEVIĆ-GLUŠČEVIĆ, Affari legali veneziani a Cattaro nel xiv secolo, 27-52    DOWNLOAD

Abstract: Based on archival material, the author addresses the issue of the presence and possible influence of the Venetians on the legal and economic life of the 14th century Kotor. Special attention has been paid to their legal influence, overseas wholesale trade, healthcare and crafts in the city. The study has been divided into seven sections. The first two sections following the introduction examine the legal impact that the Venetian notaries performing this service in Kotor could have had on the creation of medieval Kotor statutory law. Since they were educated at Italian universities from which they had knowledge of the rules on the received Roman law and legal standards of notarial documents and their significance, it is important to examine the degree of this influence in terms of both normativity and application. The fourth section deals with the contribution of Venetian merchants to the economic power of the town, which was, among other things, based on the overseas wholesale trade with influential Venetian trading families, thanks to which Kotor was known as one of the most important ports in the east Adriatic. The fifth part features an analysis of numerous contracts shedding light on the private practice of Venetian doctors, notaries, and craftsmen and their contribution to life in general in the town. Section 6 deals with an analysis of litigations conducted in Kotor concerning failure to comply with contractual obligations to Venetians and explains them in the context of the application of ius commune, which was the legal basis for all statutory rights of the medieval communes in the Mediterranean.

• Jadranka NERALIĆ, Svi papini ljudi: dalmatinska biskupska sjedišta u 15. stoljeću između Rima i Venecije, 53-82    DOWNLOAD

Abstract: In the introductory chapter the author shortly reviewed canon law rules which defined and regulated the episcopal elections in the period from the 11th to the end of the 14th century. A number of biographies of clerics whose promotion to the top of the ecclesiastical career (episcopal election) on the territory of Venetian Dalmatia, illustrate the system of papal provision as well as the influence the Venetian Senate had on their career formation and the episcopal election. The older Croatian scholarship asserted that by electing candidates who would be favourable to its governement, the Venetian Republic had influenced the episcopal appointments in Dalmatian dioceses from the early 1420s, when it took over the dominion over the Eastern Adriatic coast. However, the process of episcopal appointments went rather slowly and gradually, following the strict canon law rules. Documents kept in the Vatican Secret Archives indicate that the popes widely used their right of provision based on canon law rules to appoint „their men“ and decidedly refused proposals coming from the Venetian Senate. Indeed, out of 63 bishops appointed in the nine Dalmatian dioceses under Venetian dominion, 46 were prelates of Venetian orgin, coming either from Venice or the Veneto region, whereas only seven of them came from the Papal State. On the other hand, bishops of Dalmatian origin were only 17.

• Francesco Mario AGNOLI, Considerazioni sul provveditorato generale di Alvise Foscari in Dalmazia e Albania (1777-1780), 83-110   DOWNLOAD

Abstract: The 126 dispatches sent from Zara to Venice by Alvise Foscari, general Superintendent in Dalmatia and Albania, during his mandate (1777-1780) do not contain, at a time of apparent calm in the Adriatic and the Balkans, references to events of “great politics”. However, they represent a wealth of information particularly illuminating because they are coming from a Venetian nobleman in charge of the government of his overseas subjects, on the relationship between the Capital and the Provinces of the Dominio da Mar and the state of health of the Republic in the last twenty years of his glorious existence.

• Radoslav RASPOPOVIĆ, Istočna obala Jadrana od mira u Kampoformiju do Bečkog Kongresa, 111-141    DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: After the Treaty of Campo Formio, under the influence of the ideas of the French Revolution, national liberation-type movements emerged on the East Adriatic coast. Their influence can be seen regarding the circumstances in the Bay of Kotor and its relations with Montenegro. They also resulted in attempts at implementing the idea of unification, but also of national liberation on the wider territory of the East Adriatic.

• Dragana KUJOVIĆ, Orijentano-islamsko nasljeđe u Crnoj Gori između religijskog predznaka, nevidljivosti i identitetske posebnosti u multikulturnom kontekstu: pisana građa na orijentalnim jezicima u arhivu odbora Islamske Zajednice u Baru – od evidentiranja do pokušaja vrednovanja, 143-166   DOWNLOAD

Abstract: We believe that the estimate of a manuscript can never be final and out of context, especially if we take into account the manuscript as a part of the cultural heritage of the country and the people. The manuscript may have its auction price, to be purchased or sold, but the elements that make it into the historical testimony are not included in the auction description or inventory, and can not be expressed in monetary terms.

• Maja KATUŠIĆ, Migracijski procesi zaleđe-grad: useljenici iz Crne Gore u katoličkim matičnim knjigama Kotora 18. stoljeća, 167-183    DOWNLOAD

Abstract: The central theme of the paper is to study the migration processes in Kotor in the 18th century. The emphasis was on the share of immigrants from Montenegro’s hinterland into Kotor. The research was based on the analysis of the original archival material from the Bishop’s Archives in Kotor, the books of the Church of St. Tryphon. By inspecting the above mentioned material, the time span of the census, the ways of identification, and the gender and professional structure of the immigrants are presented and analyzed. Finally, the share of Montenegrin immigrants in each book of births (births, weddings and deaths) is analyzed, with an emphasis on displaying topics from the social everyday life of the population.

• Roberto VALLE, Dall’altra riva: Niccolò Tommaseo e la koinè adriatica, 185-195    DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: Staying on the other shore of ‘exile’ Niccolò Tommaseo affirms the irreducible otherness and polyphony of the Adriatic koinè, as a floating territory between southern Slavs and Italians. This territory can not be inhabited by those who are rooted in one language and in one nation. Tommaseo stated that the time of the queens and masters of the universe – like that of revolutionary France- had passed, even because of the polycentrism and polyphony of the European civilization. Indeed, European civilization is a set of various civilizations which constist of a „discordant diversity” and an „harmonic variety” put together in one civilization. KEY WORDS: Niccolò Tommaseo, Adriatic koinè, Dalmatia, Italians and Slavs, polycentric and polyphonic civilization

• Aleksandar JOKSIMOVIĆ, Ribarstvo u Boki kroz vjekove (XIX-XXI) – istorija, tradicija, način življenja, 197-205    DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: In the Boka Kotorska Bay, fishing is one of the oldest occupations, based on the coastal lifestyle of its inhabitants. Unfortunately, few documents detailing the fishery traditions have been preserved, and oral traditions can be dated back only to the 19th century. The fishing net has been a key invention in fisheries. It is made up of netting of varying mesh size, formed by knotting of the threads. Besides the fishing net, the fishing boat is an essential tool in fisheries. Depending on the type of fisheries, various types of gear were used — fishing nets (gillnets, trammel nets, beach seines, purse seines and towed nets), long–lines (set or drifting), harpoon, pots and traps.

• Luka I. MILUNOVIĆ, Pogled na Trst u miljeu crnogorskoga glumišta od Njegoševa vremena do kraja 19. stoljeća, 207-228    DOWNLOAD

Abstract: Strengthening economic and political ties with Trieste opened during the 19 century, the possibility of a combination of the impact on life in Montenegro. In this paper, we follow the contacts and sphere of influence in Montenegrin Performing Arts.

• Alberto BECHERELLI, Andrea CARTENY, La questione montenegrina alla Conferenza della Pace di Parigi, 229-246   DOWNLOAD

Abstract: The Archive of the Historical Office of the Italian Army General Staff in Rome contains reports (fonds E-8, Inter-Allied Commissions at the Paris Peace Conference, Montenegro) about the Montenegrin issue at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. These documents give details about Montenegrin aspirations for independence at the end of WWI, after the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. During the Conference and the following years, the Inter-allied Commissions had the task to draw up new boundaries of the states and supervise the application of economic and military conditions. As a consequence, the Italian military representatives, who were in charge of these tasks, were involved in the political and diplomatic events of those countries.

ČLANCI

• John D. TREADWAY, Reflections on US-Montenegrin relations 1905-1918. Focus on John B. Jackson, the First American Minister to Montenegro, 1905-1907, 9-29  Download

ABSTRACT: This short article considers aspects of the US-Montenegrin relationship between 1905 and 1918 – the years covered by the documentary collection Crna Gora i SAD: U dokumentima Nacionalnog arhiva u Vašingtonu, 1905-1918, published by the Istorijski Institut in the spring of 2010. Focusing on the activities of the first accredited American minister to Montenegro, John B. Jackson (1905-1907), it in fact draws heavily upon the documents included in the volume.

• Dragoljub ŽIVOJINOVIĆ, Američki odred u sastavu savezničkih trupa u Crnoj Gori 1918, 31-43  Download

ABSTRACT: The paper deals with the engagement of American military troops in an allied expedition on the eastern Adriatic coast, after the USA joined the war operations in World War I in 1917.

• Radoslav RASPOPOVIĆ, Diplomatski odnosi Crne Gore i SAD 1905-1921, 45-66  Download

ABSTRACT: The paper deals with the issue establishing diplomatic relations between Montenegro and the USA. The USA exercised their active right to legation in 1905, while the reciprocity in diplomatic representation was achieved in late 1918. The author is mainly preoccupied with the time when first American envoys were accredited, the issues they were dealing with during their occasional visits to Montenegro and the degree of influence they had on the relations between Montenegro and America.

• Nathaniel SMITH, John B. Jackson and the beginning of U.S.-Montenegrin diplomatic relations, 67-71  Download

ABSTRACT: John B. Jackson was an industrious and professional diplomat who represented the United States all over the world, including Western and South-Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. Jackson was instrumental in United States Government’s decision to recognize Montenegro and he was the first U.S. Envoy to the country, from 1905 to 1907.

• Zoran LAKIĆ, Istorijski zapisi o crnogorsko-američkim odnosima kroz istoriju, 73-78  Download

ABSTRACT: The author deals with the international position of Montenegro throughout history from the aspect of the relation of great powers towards small countries. He looks into how historical experience and tradition affects current foreign policy.

• Biljana VUČETIĆ, Javnost Sjedinjenih Američkih Država o Crnoj Gori u Balkanskim ratovima, 79-95  Download

ABSTRACT: This paper aims to present the shaping of American public opinion on Balkan Wars 1912-1913. It is based on information published in New-York Tribune and The Washington Post. These newspapers regularly monitored situation in the Balkans. Although State Department was ready to engage in European affairs, public opinion strived to support principle that the Balkans should remain to the Balkan peoples.

• Šerbo RASTODER, Velike sile i mali narodi, 105 godina od uspostavjanja diplomatskih odnosa SAD i Crne Gore, 97-121  Download

ABSTRACT: The paper deals with the relations between USA and Montenegro from their official diplomatic establishing, but mostly focuses on the period of the First World War. At its end, when the Great Powers have been deciding upon the future European political map, Montenegrin representatives have pursued an effort to influence an American position towards solving the Montenegrin questions according to interests of its Government in exile. This short-termed interest, which the USA has displayed for Montenegro, corresponded with the phase of greater attention that this Power has paid to the European affairs.

• Andrea CARTENY, After the Wilson’s 14 points: The oppressed nationalities at the Congress of Rome (April 1918), 123-133  Download

ABSTRACT: After the Wilson points, in Italy too emerged in the public discourse the question to support or not the „oppressed nationalities” in Austria-Hungary. Luigi Albertini and the newspaper „Il Corriere della Sera” leaded this strategy, which meant to pass the positions of the London Pact and to prepare Italy to negotiate the Eastern claimed territories with new nations, as Yugoslavs. The Torre-Trumbic agreement was the important result of this action and political base for the Congress of Rome, in April 1918. This Congress was the beginning of the real support to the nationalities against Habsburgs. The propaganda over the enemy‘s trenches was fruitful: with more than 50 millions of posters and quite 10 millions of newspaper launched over the lines, Italian army called to a mass desertion the no German/Hungarian soldiers (then belonging to the „oppressed nationalities”, e.g. Yugoslavs, Romanians, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks).This factor was one of the most relevant for the final victory.

• Dragana KUJOVIĆ, Neki nezaobilazni elementi u razmatranjima o velikim promjenama u crnogroskom društvu (1878-1915), 135-142  Download

ABSTRACT: A gap in which the Muslim population was found in territories included in the composition of the Montenegrin state was even more profound, if we consider that this population followed specific achievements and a dynamic relationship of the Islamic tradition and regional influences. Most of it felt Montenegro their homeland as the Christian-Orthodox did, spoke the same language and had the same Slavic origin, but they were being recognized by different personal names, learning different literacy, growing with heroes of their own epic, and cultural and esthetic patterns finding in brilliant achievements of Islamic Orient.

• Žarko LEKOVIĆ, Drobnjaci koji su emigrirali u SAD krajem XIX i početkom XX vijeka, 143-154  Download

ABSTRACT: In passed historical epoques, the Drobnjaks have been temporarily or permanently moving out from their homeland, searching for better living conditions. The list of Drobnjaks displaced before the 1878 is not possible to be individually reconstructed due to the lack of archival sources. An intensive migration of Montenegrins to USA began shortly before the end of XIX century. It is evident that the same process has included the Drobnjaks. The majority of immigrants have settled in the USA, while the others have chosen Canada and South America. They have been undertaking the worst jobs in the mines and partly been employed in factories. The smallest number ended in farms, mainly because of low wages.

• Radenko ŠĆEKIĆ, SAD i prostor Balkana, sa posebnim osvrtom na Crnu Goru krajem 20. i početkom 21. vijeka, 155-168  Download

ABSTRACT: Change of the constellation of powers on the world stage after the end of the Cold War, has resulted in important changes over Yugoslavia in global terms. Montenegro, as the smallest republic in the Yugoslav federation was bypassed by political upheavals in the atmosphere of disintegration of the communist system. United States, having remained as the only global superpower, used the political and war events in ex-Yugoslav region for implementation of policy of the “New World Order”.

OSVRTI

• Dragana KUJOVIĆ, Esad Duraković: Duhovna biografija, razgovarao Izedin Šikalo. – Sarajevo: Dobra knjiga, 2010, 169-171  Download

ČLANCI

• John D. TREADWAY, Reflections on US-Montenegrin relations 1905-1918. Focus on John B. Jackson, the First American Minister to Montenegro, 1905-1907, 9-29  Download

ABSTRACT: This short article considers aspects of the US-Montenegrin relationship between 1905 and 1918 – the years covered by the documentary collection Crna Gora i SAD: U dokumentima Nacionalnog arhiva u Vašingtonu, 1905-1918, published by the Istorijski Institut in the spring of 2010. Focusing on the activities of the first accredited American minister to Montenegro, John B. Jackson (1905-1907), it in fact draws heavily upon the documents included in the volume.

• Dragoljub ŽIVOJINOVIĆ, Američki odred u sastavu savezničkih trupa u Crnoj Gori 1918, 31-43  Download

ABSTRACT: The paper deals with the engagement of American military troops in an allied expedition on the eastern Adriatic coast, after the USA joined the war operations in World War I in 1917.

• Radoslav RASPOPOVIĆ, Diplomatski odnosi Crne Gore i SAD 1905-1921, 45-66  Download

ABSTRACT: The paper deals with the issue establishing diplomatic relations between Montenegro and the USA. The USA exercised their active right to legation in 1905, while the reciprocity in diplomatic representation was achieved in late 1918. The author is mainly preoccupied with the time when first American envoys were accredited, the issues they were dealing with during their occasional visits to Montenegro and the degree of influence they had on the relations between Montenegro and America.

• Nathaniel SMITH, John B. Jackson and the beginning of U.S.-Montenegrin diplomatic relations, 67-71  Download

ABSTRACT: John B. Jackson was an industrious and professional diplomat who represented the United States all over the world, including Western and South-Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. Jackson was instrumental in United States Government’s decision to recognize Montenegro and he was the first U.S. Envoy to the country, from 1905 to 1907.

• Zoran LAKIĆ, Istorijski zapisi o crnogorsko-američkim odnosima kroz istoriju, 73-78  Download

ABSTRACT: The author deals with the international position of Montenegro throughout history from the aspect of the relation of great powers towards small countries. He looks into how historical experience and tradition affects current foreign policy.

• Biljana VUČETIĆ, Javnost Sjedinjenih Američkih Država o Crnoj Gori u Balkanskim ratovima, 79-95  Download

ABSTRACT: This paper aims to present the shaping of American public opinion on Balkan Wars 1912-1913. It is based on information published in New-York Tribune and The Washington Post. These newspapers regularly monitored situation in the Balkans. Although State Department was ready to engage in European affairs, public opinion strived to support principle that the Balkans should remain to the Balkan peoples.

• Šerbo RASTODER, Velike sile i mali narodi, 105 godina od uspostavjanja diplomatskih odnosa SAD i Crne Gore, 97-121  Download

ABSTRACT: The paper deals with the relations between USA and Montenegro from their official diplomatic establishing, but mostly focuses on the period of the First World War. At its end, when the Great Powers have been deciding upon the future European political map, Montenegrin representatives have pursued an effort to influence an American position towards solving the Montenegrin questions according to interests of its Government in exile. This short-termed interest, which the USA has displayed for Montenegro, corresponded with the phase of greater attention that this Power has paid to the European affairs.

• Andrea CARTENY, After the Wilson’s 14 points: The oppressed nationalities at the Congress of Rome (April 1918), 123-133  Download

ABSTRACT: After the Wilson points, in Italy too emerged in the public discourse the question to support or not the „oppressed nationalities” in Austria-Hungary. Luigi Albertini and the newspaper „Il Corriere della Sera” leaded this strategy, which meant to pass the positions of the London Pact and to prepare Italy to negotiate the Eastern claimed territories with new nations, as Yugoslavs. The Torre-Trumbic agreement was the important result of this action and political base for the Congress of Rome, in April 1918. This Congress was the beginning of the real support to the nationalities against Habsburgs. The propaganda over the enemy‘s trenches was fruitful: with more than 50 millions of posters and quite 10 millions of newspaper launched over the lines, Italian army called to a mass desertion the no German/Hungarian soldiers (then belonging to the „oppressed nationalities”, e.g. Yugoslavs, Romanians, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks).This factor was one of the most relevant for the final victory.

• Dragana KUJOVIĆ, Neki nezaobilazni elementi u razmatranjima o velikim promjenama u crnogroskom društvu (1878-1915), 135-142  Download

ABSTRACT: A gap in which the Muslim population was found in territories included in the composition of the Montenegrin state was even more profound, if we consider that this population followed specific achievements and a dynamic relationship of the Islamic tradition and regional influences. Most of it felt Montenegro their homeland as the Christian-Orthodox did, spoke the same language and had the same Slavic origin, but they were being recognized by different personal names, learning different literacy, growing with heroes of their own epic, and cultural and esthetic patterns finding in brilliant achievements of Islamic Orient.

• Žarko LEKOVIĆ, Drobnjaci koji su emigrirali u SAD krajem XIX i početkom XX vijeka, 143-154  Download

ABSTRACT: In passed historical epoques, the Drobnjaks have been temporarily or permanently moving out from their homeland, searching for better living conditions. The list of Drobnjaks displaced before the 1878 is not possible to be individually reconstructed due to the lack of archival sources. An intensive migration of Montenegrins to USA began shortly before the end of XIX century. It is evident that the same process has included the Drobnjaks. The majority of immigrants have settled in the USA, while the others have chosen Canada and South America. They have been undertaking the worst jobs in the mines and partly been employed in factories. The smallest number ended in farms, mainly because of low wages.

• Radenko ŠĆEKIĆ, SAD i prostor Balkana, sa posebnim osvrtom na Crnu Goru krajem 20. i početkom 21. vijeka, 155-168  Download

ABSTRACT: Change of the constellation of powers on the world stage after the end of the Cold War, has resulted in important changes over Yugoslavia in global terms. Montenegro, as the smallest republic in the Yugoslav federation was bypassed by political upheavals in the atmosphere of disintegration of the communist system. United States, having remained as the only global superpower, used the political and war events in ex-Yugoslav region for implementation of policy of the “New World Order”.

OSVRTI

• Dragana KUJOVIĆ, Esad Duraković: Duhovna biografija, razgovarao Izedin Šikalo. – Sarajevo: Dobra knjiga, 2010, 169-171  Download

ČLANCI

• Radoslav RASPOPOVIĆ, Značaj međunarodnog priznanja u procesu izrastanja državnopravnog subjektiviteta Crne Gore, 9-30  Download

ABSTRACT: In this paper, the author deals with the question of formation of the state and legal subjectivity of Montenegro after it gained independence pursuant to the decisions of the Congress of Berlin. The decisions of the Congress were a milestone in the history of Montenegro and its statehood on both internal and foreign levels. Apart from improving the state apparatus in the normative and actual sense, they created space for the development of social relations on an economic, educational, cultural and, in a word, civic level, thus transforming Montenegrins from the status of “subjects” into citizens of an internationally recognized member of the international community.

• Saša MARKOVIĆ, Francuska štampa i Berlinski kongres, 31-41  Download

ABSTRACT: The paper deals with the treating of the Congress’ of Berlin decisions in the French press, which denied the right to young Slavic-Balkan people to become the nations, all in the name of the peace, European political balance and higher French interests. This work presents an insight into interesting political, historical and sociological topic, which is rarely treated by the modern historiography and political science.

• Živko M. ANDRIJAŠEVIĆ, 1878. godina kao granica epoha, 43-55  Download

ABSTRACT:One of the epochs in history of Montenegro ended in 1878. The international and foreign political position was changed then, as well as the frame of its national political activities, of social, economical, and culturological environment. Changes in these domains had been expected, but it seems that it had not been anticipated how deep they would be and where would lead. What is also important, some of them had not been expected previously, so they forced the winners from the recent war to act accordingly, though involuntarily. It is obvious that Cetinje had no real knowledge about the area that was planned to be annexed to Montenegro before 1878. Another unexpected thing was the inadequate change of the international position of the state emerging from the Austro-Hungarian occupation of the Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially the legitimacy of its newly-established control. When it entered the war, Montenegrin elite thought more about the enemy than about the territories it planned to take over, which resulted in a position that it was easier to occupy the mentioned areas with arms than by adequate institutions.

• Stjepan MATKOVIĆ, Crna Gora u pogledima hrvatske politike, 1878-1918., 57-67  Download

ABSTRACT: In accordance with the researched topic, this article focuses on outlining the attitude of Croatian political elite and public towards Montenegro in the period from 1878 until the end of World War I; in other words, from the important decisions of the Congress of Berlin until the creation of the first Yugoslav state, when the dynamics of political tendencies led to changes with lasting effects.

• Karl KASER, Austro-Hungary and the Independence of Montenegro, 69-78  Download

ABSTRACT: Until the outbreak of the Balkan Crisis in 1875, the Monarchy’s foreign politics of non-intervention into Balkan conflicts aimed at enabling the Ottoman Empire to solve its problems on itself. At the beginning of 1875, the minister for foreign affairs, Andrássy was alarmed by a not unlike intervention of Serbia and Montenegro in Bosnia-Herzegovina and its eminent consequences for the security of Dalmatia. Therefore, the occupation of the two Ottoman provinces became an open aim of his foreign policy. Another aim was to prevent a potential unification of Serbia and Montenegro. A sovereign status of Montenegro was a much better option. The paper’s first section will provide a short sketch of the Habsburg Balkan policy from about the Congress of Vienna (1814/15) to the Congress of Berlin (1878); the second will present an overview of the bilateral relations between the Habsburg Empire and the emerging state of Montenegro until 1878; the third section, finally aims to shed light on the Empire’s ambitions related to Montenegro at the Congress of Berlin.

• Bernard LORY, Derviš paša: un acteur meconnu de la crise d’orient, 79-89  Download

ABSTRACT: In this paper, the author deals with military and political career of the Ibrahim Dervish-Pasha (1817-1896). There was specially emphasized his role in the Eastern Crisis and Ottoman – Russian war 1877-1878, as well as the League of Prizren. The author specially points out the role of Ibrahim Dervish-Pasha in the first (1852-1853) and second (1862) campaign of Omer-pasha Latas against the Montenegro and in turnover the Ulcinj in 1880.

• Antonello BIAGINI & Andrea CARTENY, A close relationship: Italy and Montenegro after 1878, 91-96  Download

ABSTRACT: The paper deals with the relations between Montenegro and Italy after Italian Risorgimento and international recognition of the Montenegrin independence 1878. There was emphasized the role of the Italian representatives Giuseppe Otolengi, member of the International commission for establishing the state’s border according the decisions of the Congress of Berlin, and Cesare Durando, Italian diplomatic representative in Montenegro. Author also describes the sources in Italian archives for research of Italian-Montenegrin relations from 1878. until second half of XX century.

• Slavko BURZANOVIĆ, Crnogorske misije Česara Durandoa, 97-109  Download

ABSTRACT: The present paper deals with the missions of Mr. Cesare Durando to Montenegro during his acting in the capacity of both a special diplomatic emissary in the time of Montenegrin-Turkish War of 1876-1878 and the Chargé d’Affaires in the Italian Legation in Cetinje between 1879-1883.

• Saša KNEŽEVIĆ, Velike sile prema zahtjevima Crne Gore u aneksionoj krizi, 111-123  Download

ABSTRACT: Montenegrin foreign policy goals have not been fully achieved by gaining the independence at the Congress of Berlin. It was a common opinion of its leadership that the state, territorially enlarged and internationally recognized, had yet to fulfill some its ambitions. The most suitable moments for accomplishing these tasks were the times of international crises, when the order established by the Great Powers at the Congress of Berlin became violated. The one of them was the crisis developed in the fall of 1908 by Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The largest number of official documents, governmental memos, notes, letters, telegrams and other diplomatic correspondence that revealed Montenegrin wishes and intentions regarding its position in this question date from the mentioned few months of annexation crisis. These claims were not equally addressed to the all Great Powers, but the majority of them, the greatest and most determined, were a part of the correspondence with Russia.

• Я. В. ВИШНЯКОВ, Сербо-черногорские отношения и боснийский кризис 1908-1909 гг, 125-137  Download

ABSTRACT: The paper deals with the diplomatic background of the events between the Austrian-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the preparations for the First World War. It provides details of the involvement, interests and actions of the diplomatic and intelligence services of the Russian and Austrian-Hungarian empires, as well as the related activities of the Serbian and Montenegrin governments. While the policy of Vienna was to secure the expansion further into the Balkans, where the annexation of Bosnia represented only the first step, Serbia and Montenegro sought their own territorial enlargement and regarded the Austro-Hungarian activities as an open threat. Due to the complex imperial relations with Austrian-Hungarian Empire and her efforts elsewhere, Russia considered it would be highly inconvenient if hostilities broke out in the Balkans at that time, and it influenced Serbia and Montenegro to turn they attention toward south and south-east. The Balkan Wars were the outcome of such policy, which further shifted the political balance in the region and led to preparations for the final showdown.

• Senka BABOVIĆ-RASPOPOVIĆ, Prva decenija crnogorske državne nezavisnosti (1878-1888) – put ka Evropi, 139-146  Download

ABSTRACT: In the first decade of the Montenegrin state independence, processes of constituting a modern were initiated according to the principle “Conservation par le progress”. The processes of “conservation through progress” were based on a weak heritage and were conducted in ultimately reduced economic conditions.

• Momčilo PEJOVIĆ, Crnogorci na školovanju u inostranstvu kao stipendisti stranih vlada i država, 147-165  Download

ABSTRACT: Throughout the 19th century there had been modest educational opportunities and conditions for the education of Montenegrin youth within Montenegro. These were somewhat improved solely with the opening of the Seminary, the Theological – Teacher Training School, the Girls‘ Institute and the Gymnasium at Cetinje in the second half of the 19thcentury. The established educational institutes contributed to the increase in the number students being educated within Montenegro and those who, upon finishing these schools, left to continue their education outside the Montenegrin borders, i.e. Abroad.

The political reputation of Montenegro among the European public, as well as the political and poetic popularity of the Prince-King Nikola I Petrović contributed to the establishment of diplomatic relations with many European countries. With the establishment of diplomatic relations between Montenegro and the European states, there was an increase in the number of students who were educated abroad.

Certain countries and their governments, with which diplomatic relations had been established, played a significant role in offering scholarships to the students of secondary schools, colleges and universities, since they would grant several scholarships a year to Montenegrin students who were being educated abroad. Italy, France, Serbia, Russia, Turkey, Bulgaria and other countries offered scholarships to a certain number of students from Montenegro for the studies at secondary schools and university institutions in their respective countries. Upon completing their education, only one third of Montenegrin youth returned to Montenegro to work in state institutions.

• Uğur ÖZCAN, The loan agreement between the Ottoman empire and Montenegro, and financial aid to Montenegro, 167-179  Download

ABSTRACT: The relationships between Ottoman Empire and Montenegro which declared its independence in 1878 were developed to a good point, especially during Abdul Hamid and Nikola’s reign. Thanks to these good relations, loan agreements were among the financial supports. In this presentation, two loan agreements signed in order to loan to Montenegro through Ottoman Bank will be mentioned and the effect of these two loan agreements on Ottoman-Montenegro relations will be discussed.

• Dragana KUJOVIĆ, Iseljavanje muslimana iz Crne Gore nakon Berlinskog kongresa kao tema na stranicama Istorijskih zapisa, 181-188  Download

ABSTRACT: After the decisions of the Congress of Berlin and positive outcome of the war with Ottoman Empire from 1876 to 1878, Montenegro became an independent state. This paper deals with the situation which also arose from this outcome, i.e. when a great number of the Muslims population decided to emigrate from the newly formed state. They emigrated towards Bosnia and Sandzak of Novi Pazar, and the emigration saw members of all society groups who feared possible violence of new authorities and the loss of privileges. They were called “mouhadzirs” or “mouhadzers”.

The papers, which on pages of Ecrits Historiques deal with this topic can be divided into two categories: a) research papers that investigate mouhadzirs’ further destiny, directions of their migrations, reasons for emigration etc, and b) research papers dealing with the problem of emigration as the introduction to their land and properties being occupied by Montenegrin Orthodox settlers.

• Suzana RAJIĆ, Ruska diplomatija o odnosima Srbije i Crne Gore (1900-1903), 189-207  Download

ABSTRACT: The paper deals with the complicated diplomatic and political background of the events in the courts of these two Balkan countries in early 20th century. After it had become obvious that King Alexander Obrenovic was unlikely to have successors, Russian diplomatic representatives had to deal with many different, more or less apparent interests to inherit his throne. In the eve of, and immediately after the assassination of King Aleksandar and his wife, two dynasties, Petrovic and Karadjordjevic, were seen as the main contenders, but Russia also had to deal with the position of Austrian-Hungarian Empire, that fully opposed the two Balkan states coming under the rule of the same dynasty. Since this particularly applied to the Montenegrin dynasty, and since the Russian Tsar had strictly forbidden a nomination of the Russian Grand Prince Alexander Mihailovic, Peter Karadjordjevic was elected King of Serbia.

• Gabriella SCHUBERT, Crna Gora na početku 20. veka – u očima jedne Engleskinje, 209-216  Download

ABSTRACT: Mary Edith Durham was one of the most important English mediators for the culture of the Balkan peoples and political events in the Balkans at the beginning of the 20th century. The single, energetic young woman spent years traveling alone through Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro and Albania, collecting ethnographic material and recording the political situation. Moreover, she left the drawings of houses, agricultural tools, gusle, traditional clothing, etc. Between 1904 and 1928, she published 7 reports and travel memoirs in London, which had ethnographic, culturological and political contents. The historians, such as John Treadway, have used her works since the early 20th century, but she be became more famous only after her biography had been included in the National Biography of England.

• Tatjana KOPRIVICA, Crna Gora i međunarodne izložbe i drugoj polovini XIX i početkom XX vijeka, 217-238  Download

ABSTRACT: By the present text, the author deals with the participation of Montenegro in the International Ethnographic Exhibition in Moscow (in 1867), Liège (in 1905) and in London (in 1907), as well as with the preparations for the Exhibition in Vienna (in 1873) and in Paris (in 1900). The present paper emphasizes also great effects of the listed Exhibitions on diplomatic activities of Prince Nikole Petrović, particularly prior to 1878 when Montenegro was internationally recognized in the Berlin Congress.

• Adnan PEPIĆ, Novine Malumat o posjeti Knjaza Nikole Istanbulu 1899. godine, 239-248  Download

ABSTRACT: After gaining the independence at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, relations between Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire were on a relatively high level. They were especially good during the reign of Prince Nikola and Sultan Abdulhamid the Second, mostly due to their mutual friendship. Such relations resulted in two visits of Prince Nikola to Istanbul, in 1883 and 1899. The second visit was widely commented in Istanbul daily newspapers. One of them was Malumat, which on several occasions published articles regarding the Prince’s visit. This paper intends to provide an overview of Malumat’s reporting on the Prince Nikola’s visit to Istanbul in 1899.

• Massimo BUCARELLI, D’Annunzio, Italy and the Independence of Montenegro 1919-1920, 249-263  Download

ABSTRACT: The aim of this work is not to focus on these well known aspects of the political and military action of D’Annunzio. Its purpose is rather to emphasize the connection between D’Annunzio’s plans, and the national questions in the Western Balkans at the end of the World War I. Above all, this paper strives to shed some light on all the initiatives taken by D’Annunzio with the aim to restore the independence of the Kingdom of Montenegro. There is no doubt, in fact, that he was one of the last political leaders in Italy and in Europe who fully supported and tried to do all he could for the survival of Montenegro as an independent and sovereign State.

Specifically, there are three crucial questions, which the paper addresses: 1) when D’Annunzio seized Fiume in 1919 and ruled the city for 15 months, did he have a global plan for the political and territorial settlement of the Western Balkans or did he have in mind only the annexation of Fiume to Italy? 2) Provided that he had a plan for the Balkan nations and countries, what was the role which Montenegro was supposed to play in that strategy? 3) Did D’Annunzio try to accomplish his political and military plans alone with his entourage, or was he supported by the Italian government, or perhaps by some Italian political and military authorities?

• Hatice ORUÇ, Ottoman Turkish Manuscripts about Montenegro in the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II, 265-270  Download

ABSTRACT: There are certain papers about Montenegro composed in the process of the Berlin Treaty of 1878 and afterwards. These papers, connected with the political, military, state and foreign policy of the Ottoman State, were first written during the reign of the Sultan Abdülhamid II and also continued to be produced in the times that followed. This paper deals with works of Münif Pasha, Kâmil Kapudân, Mehmed Subhi, Ahmed Tevfîk (translation from Serbian), Ahmed Sedad and Ismail Fazıl (Cebesoy) Pasha.

These works, published in late 19th and early 20th century, were probably composed with the didactic purpose of providing information for the political and military milieu of the time and thus, they all give considerably significant information and knowledge about the history of Montenegro, its geography, administration, army, people, lifestyle and culture.

• Zoran LAKIĆ, Međunarodni položaj Crne Gore kroz istoriju i njena međunarodna politika s aspekta odnosa velikih i malih, 271-277  Download

ABSTRACT: The author deals with the international position of Montenegro throughout history from the aspect of the relation of great powers towards small countries. He looks into how historical experience and tradition affects current foreign policy.

• Žarko LEKOVIĆ, Drobnjak nakon Berlinskog kongresa, 279-293  Download

ABSTRACT: The paper deals with the situation in Drobnjak area in the north-east of Montenegro that came under its jurisdiction after the Congress of Berlin. By its decisions, Tara was marked as the border between Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire. Despite a certain enlargement of territory after the war which had just ended, there were aspirations for a new enlargement in Montenegro. Due to this fact, Drobnjak was rich in events concerning the conflicts and upheavals that brought internal changes, surpassing large material shortage, and achievements in personal rights and freedom.

This period is characterized by very frequent and violent conflicts on the Montenegrin-Ottoman border and by generally unstable conditions on the territory of Drobnjak. The conflicts were relentless, along with attacks, the stealing of cattle, killings and illegal commerce, which made the life of the population difficult and sometimes even unbearable. But a strong influence from Cetinje and its instructions and advice helped to somewhat ease the situation. Ottoman authorities built many watch towers and guard houses by Tara after 1878, cutting off very strong family relations and making it impossible for the Christian population to use land and pastures on both sides of the river.

• Radenko ŠĆEKIĆ, Ideja crnogorske državne nezavisnosti u unutarpolitičkom životu Crne Gore krajem XX i početkom XXI vijeka, 295-308  Download

ABSTRACT: The paper follows an idea of Montenegrin independence during the last 130 years. In the wide range of dates important to Monte-negro, 13th July is set aside as a synonym for „Montenegro‘s stability and a symbol of freedom.” Article 26 of the Berlin Treaty defined the international legal status of Montenegro, whereby „Montenegro’s independence was recognized by the Porte and all the High Contracting Parties that have not recognized it yet.” The Article meant that the Montenegrin independence was confirmed by the countries which had not previously done it, primarily by Turkey.

July 13, 1941 is an equally important date in the modern Montenegrin history. In the decades following World War II, the significance and symbolism of July 13 was constantly emphasized in the Montenegrin public, as a date which should personify the free spirit and individuality of Montenegro, its courage and devotion to the ideals of honor and freedom.

During 1992, the question of state status, i.e. of Montenegro staying united with Serbia in the form of FRY, represented a battlefield between the government and a portion of the opposition which advocated the independence of Montenegro. A referendum on the status of Montenegro was organized, and the option to stay within the federation won the support of over 90% of voters. Nevertheless, Montenegro continually sought to increase its sovereignty and independence from the federal state by transferring functions from the federal to a republic level, which reached its culmination at the referendum in May 2006.

• Miomir DAŠIĆ, Politički i vojni odnosi Crne Gore i Osmanskog carstva 1878-1884, 309-323  Download

ABSTRACT: This essay provides an overview of political and military relations of the Princedom of Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire from the Congress of Berlin in 1878, decisions of which Montenegro became territorially enlarged and internationally recognized as an independent country, until 1884 when the Istanbul Convention was signed between the two governments, which mainly settled the border disputes between the two previously bitter enemies. The Treaty of Berlin outlined the borders between Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire, but in drawing and marking the borders on site, there were serious disputes over marking the borders, dual ownership, mutual traffic, compensation for the property of Turkish subjects who emigrated from Montenegro, and over other problems on both sides of mutual border. Montenegrin government and the Porte initially contended over surrendering urban towns which the Ottoman Empire was in obligation to cede over to the Montenegrin state under the Treaty of Berlin (Kolašin, Podgorica with Spizza and Žabljak fortresses) along with certain territories (Lower Zeta, part of Vasojevići from the river Zlorečica to Lim), over establishing borders between Upper and Lower Vasojevići (between Trepča and Vinicika), the Šekular territory and other regions along the southeast Montenegrin border.