ABSTRACT: This paper aims to explore the role of gender in the Gesta regum Sclavorum (GRS), also known as the Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea. It critically examines the portrayal of women in this historical narrative, noting its reflection of a broader trend in medieval male-authored texts that perpetuate female inferiority and marginalization. In the GRS, women predominantly emerge as anonymous and passive consorts of kings, relegated primarily to the role of progenitors of heirs. Instances of women taking independent action, as exemplified by the widow of Hungarian prince Kys, then Cossara, the daughter of Samuel and wife of St. Vladimir, and Iaquinta, wife of King Bodin, are depicted in a manner that suggests their inclusion in the narrative is due to the benefits these actions provided to their male relatives. The portrayal of female agency in the GRS is thus interpreted as a reflection of the gendered social norms of the era, which were more inclined to resist rather than support the women’s empowerment.

Maja KATUŠIĆ, TRADICIONALISTIČKI OBRASCI DUBROVAČKIH USELJENIKA U KOTORU TIJEKOM 18. STOLJEĆA, 27-48 Download

ABSTRACT: This paper, based on the analysis of original archival records, baptismal, marriage, and death registers of the parish of St. Tryphon from the 18th century, presents and analyses the migrations of inhabitants from the territory of the Dubrovnik Republic to Kotor. The emphasis is placed on, to the extent permitted by the sources, analysing the number, gender, places of origin, and migration areas of Dubrovnik residents. The paper also explores marital strategies and the involvement of Dubrovnik residents in the social life of Kotor at that time, all of which is considered in the context of pre-modern migration patterns.

KEYWORDS: Kotor, Republic of Dubrovnik, 18th century, migrations, historical demography, vital records

Душан Фундић, СУПАРНИШТВО АУСТРОУГАРСКЕ И ЦРНЕ ГОРЕ У СЕВЕРНОЈ АЛБАНИЈИ КРАЈЕМ 19. И ПОЧЕТКОМ 20. ВЕКА, 49-59 Download

ABSTRACT: The paper explores the rivalry between the Principality of Montenegro and Austria-Hungary in northern Albania. The rivalry in Malësia e Madhe inhabited by the Hoti, Gruda, Kelmendi, Kastrati and Shkreli tribes who inhabited the areas along the Ottoman-Montenegro border was especially investigated. Based primarily on Austro-Hungarian sources, it presents the views of the diplomacy of the Dual Monarchy on the Montenegrin plans as well as the formation of a counter policy that was supposed to prevent the influence of Cetinje and Prince Nikola Petrović-Njegoš on the neighbouring Albanian communities. These Austro-Hungarian plans are analysed, in the first place, on the reports of the consuls in Shkodër. The relationship between Montenegro and the Malësori  was seen as undesirable by Vienna and dangerous due to the predicted emergence of an autonomous Albania with Shkodër within its borders, which decision-makers in Austria-Hungary viewed as a necessary precondition for the sustainability of the future state and its own influence in it.

Лука ФИЛИПОВИЋ, Савез комуниста Југославије и први покушај организације медитеранске конференције комунистичких партија Европе 1967‒1968. године, 61-81  Download

ABSTRACT: Czechoslovakian crisis and student rebellions in Western Europe and United States were just some of the aspects of global turmoil that may have influenced a certain number of contemporary historians to mark the year 1968 as the turning point in social and political history of the later half of the 20^th century. Alongside these events, communists parties of Western and Eastern Europe were going through a long period of subtile conflicts, while forming interest and ideological blocks that will later play a crucial role in the events that became known as the great schism of the socialist world, when the Soviet party finally lost the influence over the future eurocommunist parties, which was a period also marked by the sudden rise of the international influence of the Lague of Commmunists of Yugoslavia. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to contribute to the scientific research of the Yugoslav role in the events that predated and may have influenced the stated conflicts between the communist parties of Eastern and Western Europe, of which some aspects best came to light in the case of the failed atempt of Yugoslav and Italian communists to organize an international conference of the Marxist parties of Mediterranean. The paper is based upon the results of the research that included the unpublished sources from the historical archives of former Yugoslavia, which were analysed by implementation of the traditional historical method, as well as analysis of the scientific literature which provided social and ideological context of the researched historical events.

Илија КУКОБАТ, ЦРНА ГОРА У СИСТЕМУ ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКОГ ВАЗДУШНОГ САОБРАЋАЈА 1930‒2006, 83-96  Download

ABSTRACT: Based on unpublished archival records, periodicals, and literature, this paper analyses the development of air transport in Montenegro within the broader Yugoslav system from the opening of the first regular air route from Belgrade to Podgorica via Sarajevo to the reestablishment of the independence of Montenegro. It encompasses the development of airports within Montenegro and of air routes connecting it to the rest of Yugoslavia, and foreign countries.

Arheologija

Dejan GAZIVODA, Ostaci crkve u Zaljevu, rezultati zaštitnih arheoloških istraživanja, 97-102  Download

ABSTRACT: This paper will present the preliminary results of protective archaeological research carried out in order to find the early Christian basilica.

U ovom radu prikazani su preliminarni rezultati zaštitnih arheoloških istraživanja sprovedenih s ciljem pronalaska ranohrišćanske bazilike.

Prilozi

 Janko PAUNOVIĆ, Status robova (servi, ancille) u Kotorskom statutu (1616, Venecija) i njegov rimsko-pravni uticaj, 103-119  Download

ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to shed light on the status of slaves in the Statute of Kotor (1616) and its Roman legal basis. The work is primarily based on the Kotor Statute, ,as well as the accompanying notary documents from the relevant period of time.. Due to the nature of the topic, other Dalmatian and Mediterranean cities in the respective period were also taken into account. In this article, the author used an argumentation-based linguistic approach and systematic method of interpretation of the statutory provisions concerning the status of slaves, while excluding the status of other “unfree” or “semi-free” people. 

Милић ДУЈОВИЋ, МАНАСТИР СВЕТА ТРОЈИЦА КОД ПЉЕВАЉА ОД ОСНИВАЊА ДО 1859. ГОДИНЕ, 121-134  Download

ABSTRACT: Based on published sources from the archives of the monastery of the Holy Trinity Sveta near Pljevlja, and with the help of literature published so far on the history of the monastery, the article deals with the period from the foundation of the monastery to 1869. The foundation of the monastery and its functioning in this period depended significantly on the relationship with the Ottoman authorities and the local christian and islamic population. Monastery life was influenced by Montenegro and Serbia, as well as the struggle of the Balkan peoples for liberation from Ottoman rule. In the article various circumstances are presented that affected the life of the monastery brotherhood, the cultivation of the monastery estates, as well as the construction and decoration of the monastery church.

Izvori

Миљан ГОГИЋ, Преписи которских исправа из Лекционара и Понтификала Которске бискупије у рукописним зборницима архива ХАЗУ у Загребу, 135-170  Download

ABSTRACT: The Lectionary and Pontifical of the Diocese of Kotor, which is now kept in St. Petersburg, contains on the free pages on the margins of the main text, transcripts of the documents of the Kotor authorities from the first half of the 12^th century until the middle of the 13^th century. In the Manuscript Department of the HAZU Archives in Zagreb, in manuscript collections from the 18^th century, there is a certain number of these documents. This paper provides basic information about these manuscripts and provides the texts of the transcripts of the documents.

ABSTRACT: In this paper we discuss the archeology of architecture on the example of the monastery of St. Michael on the Prevlaka island in Boka Kotorska. This part of archeology is almost unknown to archaeological science in Montenegro, and it is based on the experience of researching the Old Town of Bar in the period between 2004 and 2012, although it has been present in European archaeological science for decades. The Church of the Saint Michael on Prevlaka is a multi-layered building, which was systematically researched in 1956. and 1957, and in the period between 1997. and 2005., when it was completely excavated. It was built on the foundations of an early Byzantine church from the 6th century, and in the 9th or 10th century it was remodeled for the Benedictine monastery, which was demolished in the first half of the 11th century. Around 1220, the ruined remains of the basilica were rebuilt for the purpose of the bishopric of Zeta, which was enthroned on Prevlaka in this period. In the paper, we tried to show the methods of masonry of both eras, which especially refers to the altar area, which, according to new studies, was rebuilt on the foundations of an older basilica from the 9th/10th century. Also, primarily on the basis of comparing the vertical and horizontal stratigraphy, the genesis of the remodeling of its interior is followed, with all the main characteristics that allow us to understand how the architectural conception of the worship space changes, that is, how the church gets a new altar, dome, modified narthex, building from the north side etc.

• Мile BAKOVIĆ, ARHEOLOŠKA ISTRAŽIVANJA LOKALITETA ĆAF KIŠ, 33-46  Download

ABSTRACT: At the site of Dubrava, there are remains of church architecture known as Ćaf Kiš. Around these remains is a vast necropolis, many still visible today. Protective archaeological research was carried out on a limited scale and showed that these are the remains of a church built at the beginning of the 16th century. Several explored graves testify that the church was built on an older necropolis. A cemetery was formed around the church, and after its demolition, numerous burials took place in it as well. On the remains of the architecture, we observed two basic building phases. First, a church was built with a deep apse, without a chancel. Shortly after construction, the northeast part of the church was demolished, and the apse fell to the northeast. It would be said that the collapse was caused by seismic action because no traces of ignition and destruction were observed. Soon, the church was restored, but now in a somewhat altered form, a new shallow apse was built, the nave was strengthened by constructing a buttress on the west side and the building was expanded by building the chancel. The architecture of the building, the church furniture and part of the movable archaeological material found unequivocally testify that the church ceremony took place according to the Latin custom. We determined the oldest archaeological layer to be in the 14^th century, the church was built in the 16^th century, and burials in and around it lasted until the middle of the 20^th century.

• Janko PAUNOVIĆ, UPOTREBA MEHANIZMA ‘’CHECKS AND BALANCES-A’’ U KOTORSKOM STATUTU (ŠTAMPAN 1616. GODINE U VENECIJI), 47-70  Download

ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to shed light on the decision-making process in early modern Kotor, based on an analysis of the Statute of Kotor (1616) and surviving notarial documents.

• Дарко БАКИЋ, СУКОБИ У ДОЊИМ ВАСОЈЕВИЋИМА АВГУСТА 1912. ГОДИНЕ, 71-92  Download

ABSTRACT: In mid-August 1912, there were armed conflicts between the cross-border Serbs and the Ottoman army, which committed serious crimes against the village of Donja Ržanica. In order to stop the Turks and restore the balance between the warring parties, Montenegrin units crossed the border and intervened in the events that followed. Nevertheless, thanks to the efforts of both Montenegrins and Ottomans, hostilities were stopped. An appropriate agreement was reached between the border commanders and Javad Pasha, but in practice, there was no serious progress in terms of its implementation. It remained for the beginning of the First Balkan War to decide the further fate of Lower Vasojevići, that was freed from Ottoman rule very soon after the start of hostilities.

Prilozi

• Petar LEKIĆ, ANALIZA KULTA SV. TROJICE NA CRNOGORSKIM PLANINAMA, 93-104  Download

ABSTRACT: In the territory of Montenegro, the cult of the Holy Trinity existed at various locations, with a unique aspect being the construction of sacred buildings on mountaintops, as part of a broader phenomenon of erecting temples in the mountains. Some structures dedicated to the Holy Trinity can also be found in lowland areas. It was a custom to visit these places and celebrate the holiday on Trinity Day. The earliest mentions of this cult date back to the Middle Ages.

• Филип Д. ВУЧЕТИЋ, ИЗБОРИ У КЊАЖЕВИНИ/КРАЉЕВИНИ ЦРНОЈ ГОРИ 1905-1913. ГОДИНЕ, 105-123  Download

ABSTRACT: In this thesis we will present political life in the Principality/the Kingdom of Montenegro in the period from 1905 to 1914.

The emphasis will be put on the elections that are organised in 1906, 1907, 1911 and at the end of 1913. Also, the aim of this thesis is to show political polarization and political struggle between the Court and the democratic currents in the in the State.

Izvori

• Иван ЛАКОВИЋ, ГЕНЕРАЛ-МАЈОР БРАНИСЛАВ БАРЈАКТАРЕВИЋ, ВОЈНА ПОМОЋ САД ЈУГОСЛАВИЈИ, АРХИВ ОРУЖАНИХ СНАГА СРБИЈЕ, ФОНД II УПРАВЕ ГЕНЕРАЛШТАБА ЈНА, НЕСРЕЂЕНА ГРАЂА, КУТИЈА БР.21, ФАСЦИКЛА III, Р-3, 125-170  Download

ABSTRACT: This document from the Archive of Armed Forces of Serbia, brings an overview of material contents of US’ military assistance to Yugoslavia, delivered through the program of military aid from 1951 to 1958. It contains the description of sums allocated to the main branches of Yugoslav armed forces and contents of programs planned for their modernization along with spare parts, training and education of military personnel, visits by members of American Military Assistance Staff to Yugoslav military institutions, headquarters and units, remarks on composition, role and intentions of its members, through list of programmed, delivered and undelivered items, as well as graphs of value of program. The document is authored by major general Branislav Barjaktarević, chief of Yugoslav section for receipt of military aid.

Prikazi:

Radenko ŠĆEKIĆ, SLAVKO BURZANOVIĆ, BOBAN BATRIĆEVIĆ, ‘’MONUMENTA MONTENEGRINA VATICANA- KONKORDAT IZMEĐU SVETE STOLICE I KNJAŽEVINE CRNE GORE IZ 1886. GODINE, MINISTARSTVO KULTURE CRNE GORE, OBOD, CETINJE, 2020, 171-176  Download

In Memoriam:

Božena MILJIĆ, BRANISLAV MAROVIĆ (1933-2022), 177-180  Download

ABSTRACT: The paper provides data from little-known sources about the time when Kotor‘s bishop Grimoald was able to perform episcopal duties in Kotor. The document (pastoral letter) attributed to him, which refers to marriages in Kotor, is analyzed. An attempt is made to establish a

connection between its content, which refers to the presence of clergy during the marriage ceremony and the permitted degree of consanguinity of the spouses, with the norms of the Catholic Church related to that issue.

• Marina ODAK, O NOVCU GRADA DRIVASTA TRAGOM JEDNE NUMIZMATIČKE BELEŠKE, 25-41  Download

ABSTRACT: In the paper by Sergije Dimitrijević, A New Series of New Types of Serbian Medieval Coins [Нова серија нових врста српског средњовековног новца], published in the journal Starinar [Старинар] in 1964–1965, we have come across a peculiar piece of information – that there used to be a sub-type of the follaro coin from the town of Ulcinj, which usu­ally had a depiction of the Virgin Mary with Christ on the obverse, and a de­piction of the city walls with a tree in the gate on the reverse. More precise­ly, in his work Dimitrijević mentions an Ulcinj-type follaro with a human fig­ure with its arms and legs apart, standing in the city gate instead of the tree. We have made an attempt to find this never before published specimen of the Ulcinj follaro, and have come to the conclusion that the currency in ques­tion is not that of Ulcinj, but a follaro from the town of Drivast (modern-day Drisht), with a depiction of the Virgin Mary with Christ on the obverse and the city walls with a lily inside the gate on the reverse. The striking similar­ity in the manufacturing process of these two coins, in terms of both the de­piction on the obverse and that on the reverse, points to a single pair of arti­san hands behind the coin moulds for minting of both towns.

• Savo MARKOVIĆ, SI ALIQUID SUPERVENIT: O VIŠEM DRUŠTVENOM STALEŽU BARA U XIV VIJEKU ZBILJOM GULIERMOVIH, 43-63  Download

ABSTRACT: The bearers of the patronymic Guliermi, which derives from the personal name Guilielmus, are mentioned in historical sources of the State Archives in Dubrovnik from the 14th century. The available docu­ments suggest that they were contemporaries, possibly the members of the same lineage, who belonged to the higher social class of the medieval Bar. They were noted in the context characterized by the cultural attributes of the older city dwellers and the solid economic background. The social prestige they enjoyed served as a link with other communities, and the testimonies they left about themselves provide insight into the imagological heritage of the native community, depict piety, spiritual needs and material possibilities, equipment and arrangement of private living ambience.

• Aleksandar ŽIVOTIĆ, RIVALITET SRBIJE I CRNE GORE I OSLOBOĐENJE METOHIJE I SANDŽAKA 1912, 65-84  Download

ABSTRACT: Based on published and unpublished archival sources primarily of military provenance, as well as historiographical and memoir literature, the paper analyzes the military operations of the Army of the Kingdom of Serbia for the liberation of Metohija and Sandžak, as well as the main reasons for the misunderstanding of the commanders of the units of the armies of the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro in the field. In particular, the vagueness of the inter-allied treaty was presented, which in reality led to the inflaming of rivalry between the two allied political and military leaderships.

• Aleksej TIMOFEJEV, STATISTIČKA ANALIZA KAŽNJENIH ‘’KOMINFORMOVACA’’: NACIONALNA PRIPADNOST, DUŽINA KAZNE, UZRAST, POLNA STRUKTURA, SRODNICI, POVRATNICI, 85-101  Download

ABSTRACT: The collective demographic portrait of those convict­ed for sympathies towards the USSR in communist Yugoslavia after 1948 is determined in the article, based on the “List of convicts under the IB-ac­cusion”. The sketch of statistics that we drew from this list gives us a limit­ed number of possibilities because it was only an “operationally useful” list created by revising and shortening previous versions. Thus on the basis of this document, we can conclude that the arrested were relatively young peo­ple (20-30 years old), among whom Serbs and Montenegrins dominated nu­merically, many of whom participated in the Partisan Movement. These sta­tistics support the already widespread scientific hypothesis that the conflict was not an ideological dispute, but was related to the determination of Yugo­slavia’s affiliation to the East or the West. The number of Serbs, Bulgarians, Russians and Montenegrins convicted for sympathizing with the USSR was disproportionately higher than the percentage representation of those peo­ples in the population of Yugoslavia. At that time, the mountaines of Monte­negro hid the most ardent supporters of the Soviet Union.

Prilozi

• Burhan ČELEBIĆ, STARI MUSLIMANSKI NIŠANI U TUZIMA, 103-125  Download

ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the research and study of Mus­lim gravestones located next to the cemetery of the Nizam Mosque and in the old cemetery near Tuzi. Gravestones was recently translated from Ottoman to Montenegrin language. Their epigraphy has been fixed, however, the is­sue of ornamentation from these tombstone has not been sufficiently investi­gated. On the other hand, along with the art of old gravstones, the chronol­ogy of the oldest gravstones from the mentioned cemeteries is not stated.In this work, we have made a chronological picture with the culture and art of gravestones from Tuzi.

• Svetozar SAVIĆ, POLJOPRIVREDNO OBRAZOVANJE U CRNOJ GORI 1875-1941, 127-150  Download

ABSTRACT: At the end of the 19th century, agricultural vocational schools in Montenegro did not last long. The Princely Montenegrin Agricul­tural School in Danilovgrad was opened in 1875 and closed the following year (1876). The lower princely Montenegrin agricultural school in Podgor­ica was opened in 1893, and ceased to operate in 1898. Nevertheless, these schools have given some impetus to the development of agricultural educa­tion in Montenegro.

After the First World War, the interest of the state administration to im­prove agricultural education did not exist. With a lot of problems, it was only in 1933 that the Special Agricultural School for Southern Cultures “Topoli­ca” was opened for a period of one year, which in 1939 grew into a two-year period, and was called the Special Lower Agricultural School for Southern Cultures.

• Jelisaveta BLAGOJEVIĆ, POSTSOVJETSKA POLITIKA BORISA JELJCINA PREMA NATO-U, 151-170  Download

ABSTRACT: The paper provides a brief overview of the Cold War relations between the USA and the USSR, and the development of Russia-NATO relations via the analysis of the foreign policy strategies and activi­ties of Russian President Boris Yeltsin. Yeltsin’s policy, to a large extent, rep­resented responses to the moves of the Euro-Atlantic allies since the col­lapse of the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet Union in 1991 until his departure from the Kremlin in 1999. In the eyes of the Euro-Atlantic allies, post-Cold War Russia became „something more than a regional power in the Third World” – visibly degraded on international and domestic level. Yeltsin‘s in­decisiveness and lack of a clearly defined foreign policy strategy were evi­denced by his empty threats regarding the expansion of the NATO alliance, as well as his lack of understanding of the Yugoslav crisis.

Hronika:

• RIJEČ NJEGOVE EKSELENCIJE PANAGIOTISA PARTSOA, AMBASADORA REPUBLIKE GRČKE NA OTVARANJU IZLOŽBE ‘’GRCI I CRNOGORCI: DVA PRIJATELJSKA NARODA’’, 171-172  Download

• OBRAĆANJE GĐE SATKE HAJDARPAŠIĆ, PREDSTAVNICE MINISTARSTVA VANJSKIH DJELA CRNE GORE I DIPLOMATSKE AKADEMIJE NA OTVRANJU IZLOŽBE, 173-174  Download
• RIJEČ AUTORA IZLOŽBE ‘’CRNA GORA I GRČKA, DVA PRIJATELJSKA NARODA’’, 175-178  Download

• Radoslav RASPOPOVIĆ, PRIGODNO OBRAĆANJE NA KRAJU OTVARANJA IZLOŽBE ‘’GRCI I CRNOGORCI: DVA PRIJATELJSKA NARODA’’, 179-180  Download

Prikazi:

• Savo, MARKOVIĆ, OFFICIA VARIORUM SANCTORUM (BnF Latin 916), Izdavač: Hrvatsko nacionalno vijeće Crne Gore, za izdavača: Zvonimir Deković, urednica Meri Zornija, predgovori: fra Domagoj Volarević, don Ivan Vukčević, Meri Zornija, Peras: GudCo, HNV CG (Tivat), 2021, 266.str, 181-186  Download
• Sreten ĆUZOVIĆ OTILO, Dejan Vuković, ‘’LUČA CRNOGORSKE DIPLOMATIJE’’ (U PRILOG ISTORIJI CRNOGORSKE DIPLOMATIJE)’’, Izdavač: Fakultet za crnogorski jezik i književnost (FCJK)- Cetinje, 2021. Godine, 187-191  Download
• Ivan LAKOVIĆ, Dmitar Tasić (2021), KORPUS NARODNE ODBRANE JUGOSLAVIJE (KNOJ) 1944-1953, Beograd: Institut za noviju istoriju Srbije, ISBN: 978-86-7005173, 511 str, 193-195  Download
• Radenko ŠĆEKIĆ, Miomir MAROŠ, ZAPISANA CRNA GORA 1-2, IVPE/CEKUM, Cetinje, Podgorica 2020/2021, 197-200  Download

Članci:

• Radoslav RASPOPOVIĆ, TRINAESTOJULSKI USTANAK U EVROPSKOJ ISTORIJI, 13-30   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022RR
ABSTRACT: In the context of historical events at the beginning of the Second World War, the question of the degree of reaction of popular movements in European countries in opposing the expansion of fascism and Nazism was raised. The paper gives a brief overview of the general situation in enslaved Europe, in which the Thirteenth July Uprising was a kind of exception and represented a “phenomenon of European history”.

• Zoran LAKIĆ, 13-JULSKI ANTIFAŠISTIČKI USTANAK U CRNOJ GORI 1941. GODINE ‒ FENOMEN DRUGOG SVJETSKOG RATA, 31-36   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022ZL

• Dušan STANIĆ, UZROCI TRINAESTOJULSKOG USTANKA U CRNOJ GORI 1941. GODINE, 37-50   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022DS
ABSTRACT: After the collapse of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941 the area of today’s Montenegro was, for the most part, in the sphere of the Italian occupation zone. Italy introduced a mild occupation administration, the mildest one in occupied Europe. Their aim was to please and win over the people of Montenegro. People had more freedom to move around, trade, work and travel. The price of some food products was reduced, so a larger number of people could afford better food. Trade and craft shops, cafes and hotels were allowed to operate as normal. After a month, the schools were re-opened as well. Even communist organizations acted more freely, given that the Communist Party of Yugoslavia was banned and persecuted in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. There was no organized or group arrest of the population. On the 17th of April, the day of the entry of Italian troops into Cetinje, the „Provisional Administrative Montenegrin Committee” was formed, as an authority in the country under the auspices of Italy. The task of the Committee was to establish and maintain the smooth functioning of the country. In May 1941, this Committee was renamed to „Technical- Administrative Council”. The foundation for the establishment of the new government was the support of a smaller band of Montenegrin separatists, who perceived the
occupation as the liberation. They were mostly supporters of the Federalist Party. The Civil Commissioner for Montenegro, Serafino Mazzolini, had absolute power over all government bodies. For the occupation of Montenegro Italy set aside the „Messina” division, and they did not foresee any major problems in keeping the people in subjection. An uprising against the Italian government broke out on July 13, 1941, the day after the proclamation of independent Montenegro in Cetinje, under the auspices of Italy. Thus, the separatists‘ plan to create an independent state under the patronage of fascism failed. To break up the uprising Italy needed to use six divisions with reinforcements. Along with this, they required four divisions and several smaller units to maintain the occupation. This tied considerable enemy forces to Montenegro after the suppression of the Uprising. Based on the above and the available archives, it is necessary to answer several questions:
1) What are Italy‘s motives for occupying Montenegro?
2) How did Italy see Montenegro as part of its occupation zone and in
its future plans?
3) What were the expectations regarding the keeping of the Montenegrin
people in obedience?
4) What was the role of Montenegrin separatists in the occupation?
5) What was the attitude of the people towards the occupier?
6) What were the expectations about the possibility of an Uprising?
7) What was the contribution of the CPY and the officers of the former
Yugoslav Army to the uprising?

• Federiko GODI, IŠČITAVANJE ITALIJANSKE OKUPACIJE KROZ BIOGRAFIJU FRANČESKA ZANIJA, 51-60   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022FG
ABSTRACT: In some recent works on the Italian military occupations in the Second World War, it has been pointed out how important the space of action of a superior officer in command of a military division was. Through the specific study of a segment of the occupation, the incidence of occupation policies can in fact be reconstructed, and a historical investigation that determines individual responsibilities is facilitated. These interpretative lines are well reconciled with the scientific literature which has long since deconstructed the stereotypical profile of the “good Italian”. This article is an attempt to give a new interpretative key through a specific case study: the military and political path of General Francesco Zani.

• Aleksandar ŽIVOTIĆ, SSSR I PITANJE ORGANIZOVANJA ORUŽANOG OTPORA U CRNOJ GORI 1941. GODINE, 61-74   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022AZ
ABSTRACT : Based on unpublished and untill now mostly unknonw documents of the Soviet diplomatic services and central organs of the Co- mintern, as well as existing historiography and memoir literature, this paper analyzes the Soviet view of the consequences of the Yugoslav military col- lapse during the April War, the character of the division of Yugoslav territo- ry with special reference to the territory of Montenegro, the establishment of the occupation system and preparations for the organization of armed resistance. The paper contains an overview of various Soviet activities in terms of preserving and expanding its intelligence network and organizing armed de- tachments intended for guerrilla warfare. It points to the dual nature of Soviet actions through military-diplomatic and intelligence organs that acted in cooperation with official state organs, civic political groups and Comintern organs that exerted their influence through the extensive illegal network of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.

• Srđa MARTINOVIĆ, ZNAČAJ I KARAKTER VOJNIH OPERACIJA U JULSKOM USTANKU 1941. GODINE, 75-91   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022SM
ABSTRACT: The military actions of the Montenegrin insurgents were typically guerrilla, the structure of military units was organized on the strong tribal foundations of the former Montenegrin People‘s Army. The battle groups were prepared weeks in advance, but their number in the uprising exceeded expectations. Although poorly armed, the insurgents achieved great beginnings and successes. In just a few months, the military organization of guerrilla groups has developed into battalion and brigade formations. The echo of the July 13 uprising had a strong motivational capacity in other parts of Yugoslavia, and its messages are the corridor foundations of modern Montenegro.

• Bojan JOVANOVIĆ, PRVA USTANIČKA PUŠKA – VLADO DAPČEVIĆ, 93-107   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022BJ
ABSTRACT: The thirteenth of July is a historical theme as well as a historical jubilee. The main intention of this paper is to try to explore it through a biographical prism, namely, through a focused biography and personal contribution of Vlado Dapčević to the Thirteenth of July Uprising. A historical event not only for Montenegrin history, the uprising began on July 13, 1941 between 2 and 3 o‘clock in the morning, with an attack by a guerrilla unit of insurgents on the Italian station in Čevo. Dapčević not only participated in, but in fact led this action.
KEYWORDS: 13th of July, Vlado Dapčević, persona non grata, reconsideration, Čevo

• Filip KUZMAN, CETINJSKI SREZ U TRINAESTOJULSKOM USTANKU, 109-128   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022FK
ABSTRACT: The topic of the article is the Thirteenth of July uprising on the territory that belonged to the Cetinje district in 1941. Chronologically, the article covers the period of eight months between the April War and the Battle of Pljevlja, that is, from the first days of the occupation, through preparations for the uprising and the battles between the rebels and Italians, to the suppression of the uprising and the creation of Lovćen partisan unit. The focus of the article is on the battles during the month of July, and special attention was dedicated to the most important battles and Italian reprisals that followed in response to the uprising.

• Nenad PEROŠEVIĆ, NIKŠIĆKI SREZ U USTANKU 13. JULA I ANTIFAŠISTIČKOJ BORBI (JUL – DECEMBAR 1941), 129-142   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022NP
ABSTRACT: Preparations for the fight against the Italian occupier in the County of Niksic started almost immediately after the April War was over, when the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was defeated by the superior enemy, and its territory was occupied and divided between Germany (Third Reich), Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria. The territory of the then County of Niksic had an immense geostrategic position. The County of Niksic covered a large area of 2.118 km2 with approximately 45.000 inhabitants and with the region of Durmitor and western Boka it represented a unique geopolitical and operational territory. This region made a link between the National Liberation Movement of Montenegro with the same Movement in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Sandzak (Raska) and Serbia. After the initial successful battles against the Italian occupier in the Uprising of 13th of July, and the temporarily suppressed uprising in the middle of August 1941 by the occupier, there were no battles in the County of Niksic until the end of October 1941 when battles and diversions gained momentum again. The experience gained in July and August against the occupier was valuable in further development of the anti-fascist movement and the fights which continued at the time.

• Vukota VUKOTIĆ, ILEGALNI RAD KPJ U NIKŠIĆKOM SREZU UOČI TRINAESTOJULSKOG USTANKA 1941. GODINE, 143-155   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022VV
ABSTRACT: The Communist Party of Montenegro began its activities immediately after the end of the First World War. Very quickly, its organization spread to all major places in Montenegro. Among them, from the very beginning, is Nikšić, as one of the most important cities. The CPY network branched out both in the town and in the wider area of the county, encompassing all smaller towns and villages in the wider area. The work of the CPY in the underground contributed to strengthening the awareness of citizens about the importance of the existence of their own nation and made an overture to one of the most important events in Montenegrin history – the Thirteenth July Uprising.

• Žarko LEKOVIĆ, PLJEVALJSKA BITKA- UVOD U GRAĐANSKI RAT, 157-177   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022ZL2
ABSTRACT: With the general uprising of July 13, 1941, the people of Montenegro rejected Italian policy, which sought to include Montenegro in the sphere of interest of Italy by creating an independent Montenegrin state. The breadth of the uprising, its unexpectedness and the strength of the first coup paralyzed the Italian occupation administration. The logical sequence
of events from this uprising, which was suppressed in August 1941, is the Battle in Pljevlja on December 1 of the same year. This battle has attracted the attention of domestic and foreign historiography for decades. Differences in data are evident. The expected conquest of Pljevlja did not take place. The city was defended by fighters of the elite Italian division „Pusteria”. Huge omissions in the tactical sense were punished by a large number of victims, while the reprisals against the innocent population were horrific. The defeat in Pljevlja was a sad sign of hopelessness, an introduction to the atmosphere that once again justified the forces of political realism. The road to acomplishing that right was hard. If the suppression of the July uprising
shook the people‘s faith in the possibility of expelling the occupiers, the terrible consequences of the Battle of Pljevlja buried the last hope for a speedy liberation. Unfortunately, the scenes of panicked retreat and mass desertion brought great unrest. The people became aware that they were endangeredby this adventure. The disappointment was huge.

• Slavko BURZANOVIĆ, „ZELENI PARTIZANI”, 179-187   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022SB
ABSTRACT: The paper analyzes the propaganda use of the name “green partisans” for members and sympathizers of the Montenegrin Federalist Party and members of the Quisling military forces in Montenegro, which were commanded by Krsto Popović in the period 1942-1944. The origin of the term is related to an unnamed Italian intelligence officer and was initially used for members of the Chetnik leadership in Montenegro. Furthermore, the paper contains one, until now unpublished document relevant to the understanding of this issue, a copy of which is preserved in the State Archive of Montenegro in Cetinje.

• Radenko ŠĆEKIĆ, SIMBOLIKA 1941. GODINE I DRUGOG SVJETSKOG RATA U POLITIČKOM DISKURSU CRNE GORE OSAM DECENIJA KASNIJE, 189-201   Download
DOI:10.53251/iz1-22022RS
ABSTRACT: The area of Montenegro, although small and sparsely populated, felt in its worst form the year 1941, occupation, uprising, the beginning of fratricide, crimes. The spiral of mutual crimes began to spread to all conflicting parties and the tragedy of those events and consequences are still alive today, both in media discourse and in historiography. The use of
the symbolism of certain personalities, their glorification or demonization from that period is often in collision with historical facts. Substitution of theses, misinterpretation, „taking out of context” – represent a general trend of political and media abuse of the Second World War in Montenegro eight decades later. There is a noticeable tendency to label and qualify public figures, political entities and even entire ethnic or religious groups in a negative context, that they are allegedly fascist, genocidal, pro-Ustasha, pro-Chetnik and the like – which is becoming a commonplace in the media and political life.

• Danilo KALEZIĆ, FRAMING THE 13TH OF JULY UPRISING: CHANGING PERCEPTIONS IN THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE, 203-214   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022DK1
ABSTRACT: The paper explores the narratives of the 13th of July Uprising in Montenegro in several historical phases and instances in the last 80 years. Research broadly identifies three distinct and fundamentally competing narratives which dominated the public sphere and (re)shaped popular attitudes towards this cornerstone event in the Montenegrin History. Distinct narratives are intrinsically linked to the following historical periods (1) 1945 – 1991, Yugoslav era and state-sponsored Marxist historiography; (2) 1991-2006, dissolution of Yugoslavia and democratic transition; (3) 2006-current, independent Montenegro. The paper postulates that the changing political context and ‘top-down’ value approach determined the
radically different interpretations and contextualization of the Uprising in 1941, framing the event(s) accordingly. Differently than in other similar historiographical disputes evolving (changing) narratives brought significant differences in material interpretations of the causes, political agenda, and mainstream flow of events. Together with the nation-building effort in the last decades the Uprising received a gradually different shading which stands in the heart of the paper’s research.

• Dragana KUJOVIĆ, ĆAMIL SIJARIĆ, „OSLOBOĐENI JASENOVAC”- PODIJELJENA TRAUMA ŽRTVE, 215-229   Download
DOI 10.53251/iz1-22022DK
ABSTRACT: Ćamil Sijarić, a Montenegrin writer and participant in People’s Liberation War, TANJUG reporter and journalist, was one of the first to enter Jasenovac concentration camp in April 1945, immediately after its liberation In his writings Oslobođeni Jasenovac, between fiction and journalistic style, Sijarić testified a few decades later about the horrors and most terrible suffering of camp prisoners and shares with readers the traumatic memory of suffering, pain and misfortune of the persecuted. Most of them were not combatants of the national liberation movement. In his notes on the Jasenovac concentration camp, Sijarić follows the facts about the severe violence that took place there and inserts images of victims into the entire
Yugoslav memories of war horrors, which surpass, as much as symbols, the particularity of historical memories.

• Božena MILJIĆ, TRINAESTOJULSKI USTANAK I NOP U OKUPATORSKOJ ŠTAMPI NA TERITORIJI CRNE GORE TOKOM 1941. GODINE, 231-253   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022BM
ABSTRACT: After the capitulation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the April war, the occupation authority of fascist Italy was established on the territory of Montenegro. The revolt of a part of the population culminated on July 13, 1941, when a mass uprising broke out. Even after the collapse of the uprising, members of the People’s Liberation Movement continued to resist the occupier – first the Italian, then the German authorities. The occupying power also established control over the press, as a means of informing the population. The focus of this paper will be on how the press, which was under the supervision of the occupying authorities, presented (or rather, did not present) the Thirteenth of July Uprising and how throughout 1941 the newspapersreported on the actions of members of the partisan movement. It is interesting
to follow how the occupation propaganda functioned, through newspapers available to the ordinary population, with which they wanted to impose a different view of reality in Montenegro.
KЕYWORDS: Thirteenth of July Uprising, Montenegro, Italian occupation, Newspaper, propaganda, People’s Liberation Movement

• Tatjana KOPRIVICA, VIZUELNA SVJEDOČANSTVA O ITALIJANSKOJ OKUPACIJI CRNE GORE 1941. GODINE, 255-267   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022TK
ABSTRACT: The paper discusses visual testimonies, photographs, and video material, photographed in Montenegro in 1941, by the Italian cameramen and photographers, as a source of propaganda and documentary evidence. The corpus of photographs and video footage analyzed in this paper is preserved in Italian state and private archives in Rome and Milano,
as well as in private collections.

• Milica NIKOLIĆ, ŽENSKA STRANA NARODNOOSLOBODILAČKE BORBE U CRNOJ GORI, 269-282   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022MN
ABSTRACT: The legacy of the National Liberation War (NOB) occasionally becomes a matter of public interest, usually not for the right reasons, more often for the benefit of socio-political elites who approach this topic according to the current political developments. Such attitude often results in the mythologization of achievements, and currently, it appears that in the whole Yugoslav space including Montenegro, relativization of the fight and balance of power, marginalizing of values, and even declaratory upholding of the values, deprived of essential understanding of NOB, its importance for the given time and space context, including more prevailing revisionism. However, either already established postulates or aforementioned revisionism, barely mention the role of women in NOB. Thus, this paper aims to address the contributions of women, shed light on the ‘feminine side’ of NOB, and re-examine the gender roles back then, but also in the current reading of NOB.

• Mirjana ŽIVKOVIĆ, MUZIČKO NASLJEĐE NOB-A, 283-297   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022MZ
ABSTRACT: Relying primarily on tradition, music in Montenegro during the National Liberation War, despite the difficult years of slavery, revived with new strength whose main motives were the call for rebellion, the struggle for liberation and the path to a brighter future. Resisting the occupier in 1941, the people of Montenegro, determined to oppose the enemy,
called for a nationwide uprising with their songs, the songs raised fighting morale, instilled courage and were an incentive for further action. Created on the model of old patriotic and revolutionary songs, they testify to significant events, endless marches and great battles that were fought during the liberation war on the territory of Montenegro and in the entire South Slavic area. Long after the end of the war, popular partisan songs against fascism and workers ‘songs with social themes dealing with labor rights, social justice and equality were sung at celebrations and workers’ events. In that period of rebuilding the destroyed country, in the newly formed socio-political system, many creators sided with ideologically oriented socially engaged action. Mass songs with current, socio-political content, then rhapsodies, poems, cantatas, oratorios and suites, thematically related to events and personalities from the National Liberation War were created in the post-war decades by Montenegrin composer Borislav Tamindzic (1932-1992). Adapting music to the given themes, he composed and did arrangements for films, theater, radio and television dramas and thus created works that became part of the program of stage and music spectacles, state anniversaries, traditional ceremonies, events and important anniversaries related to World War II organized in Montenegro and the former Yugoslavia.

• Draško DOŠLJAK, SLIKA NOB-A U CRNOGORSKOJ HODONIMIJI, 299-306   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022DD
ABSTRACT: The author gives an overview of the hodonymy of Montenegro, as well as their motivation. Hodonyms (names of streets, squares, and bridges) are important elements of the identity of every city and settlement because they preserve traces of historical development, social change, the culture of memory, language layers, and overall development of civilization.
Hodonyms are not just landmarks in one settlement or city, although we keep in mind that this is their primary function. They are also cultural monuments of one area – the names by which a city is recognized. As bearers of certain symbols, walkers represent various social, political and cultural images, as well as spatial landmarks. Hodonyms in the settlements of Montenegro
are also related to certain important personalities and events from the Second World War: partisan commanders, national heroes, partisan champions, brigades, divisions, important battles, etc.

• Petar LEKIĆ, MUZEJ NOB-A NA CETINJU, 307-315   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022PL
ABSTRACT: The Museum of the People’s Liberation War within the State Museum in Cetinje was founded in 1950, with the aim of collecting,processing and preserving the heritage of the People’s Liberation Movement, the Workers’ movement and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia in Montenegro. The time period this institution focused on was determined between the First World War and 1945. In the then socialist country, anti-fascism and the struggle for liberation were undisputable foundations of identity. The genesis of the Museum as an independent unit from 1950 to 1963, since when this institution has been part of the Cetinje Museum, has been preserved through the archives located within the National Museum. The director of the Museumof the National Liberation War was the famous Montenegrin painter
Aleksandar Prijić who, together with other professional staff led the activites in accordance with the purpose of existence of the collection and the needs of society. So far, the academia rarely dealt in more detail with this topic, the exception is ‘’The Development of the Museum Service in Montenegro’’ by Đuro Batrićević, published in Cetinje in 1998. The fund of the then Museum contained material that preceded and originated from the Thirteenth of July Uprising in 1941. This event was a milestone in the development of the history of the citizens of Montenegro, that is, it paved the way for the creation of a socialist society and a federal Yugoslavia, in which Montenegro was oneof the six republics. With further restructuring, the Museum material became the legacy of the History Museum, where historical sources from prehistory to the modern era have been and are preserved.

• Anastazija MIRANOVIĆ, ŠTO JE NAMA NAŠA BORBA DALA?, 317-328   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022AM
ABSTRACT: The paper is based on the anti-fascist, national liberation struggle and marking the 80th anniversary of the uprising of the people of Montenegro, that is, artistic reflections/articulations and interventions of a given topic through a generational cross-section. The planned art project contains three segments: an exhibition of works by „old” masters from the holdings of the National Museum of Montenegro, an exhibition of works by artists invited by the author and an exhibition of works by younger artists who will be selected through a public competition. The exhibitions will take place in phases, fifteen days apart between individual segments that ultimately form a single whole. The basic idea is to make a cross-section and see how in the first, post-war years, artists considered the given context of the National Liberation War and its achievements in the so-called. social realism, like today‘s, already well-known artists articulate the given topics, and the most intriguing and most anticipated will be gaining insight into the artistic and artistic reflections of the (youngest) generation of Montenegrin artists of the time to which they did not physically belong. The project tends to answer the question of how many topics of the National Liberation War, free- dom, anti-fascism are represented in Montenegrin art.

• Ljiljana KARADŽIĆ, ANTON LUKATELI- GRAFIČAR I ILLUSTRATORHRONIČAR NOB-A, SKICA ZA PORTRET, 329-337   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022LjK
ABSTRACT: The aim of the paper is that, through research of scarce and rare documentation and memories collected from the artist‘s daughter, primaballerina Ivanka Lukateli, to illuminate the life, ideological principles and creative poetics of Anton Lukateli, an insufficiently studied and unjustly neglected artist who dedicated his enitre opus to anti-fascism and National Liberation War. Anton Lukateli was a participant in the National Liberation War from 1941, a versatile cultural worker, one of the founders of ULUCG (The Association of Fine Artists of Montenegro) its first secretary, initiator of Montenegrin cinematography, author of the first ‚‘Pobjeda‘‘ logo where he worked as an illustrator, and author of the first social dinar in Montenegro, together with the painter Milan Božović. He was one of the first representatives of social realism in Montenegro, and his most successful works were linocuts with a war thematics, on which he manifested resistance to injustice and violence through convincing artistic expression. He was the author of the first post-war map of graphics with which he participated in the Pan-Slavic Exhibition of Graphics in Prague in 1946, and one copy is preserved in the National Museum of Montenegro. Because of his beliefs, he was imprisoned on Goli Otok from 1952 to 1954. After Goli Otok, he moved to Belgrade, where he withdrew from public life in a certain way and was engaged in scenography and film work.

• Maša JOVOVIĆ, IDEJA UMJETNIČKE SLOBODE PETRA LUBARDE, 339-344   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022MJ
ABSTRACT: During Petar Lubarda‘s stay in Montenegro, in the first post-war years, thanks to specific cultural and political circumstances, primarily the government‘s attitude towards the cultural elite and the desire to constitute national art enriched with epic tradition, folk culture and „local color” emphasized in organizing many events , conditions were created for
the „deconstruction of socialist realism”. During this „Montenegrin period” of Lubarda, works were created that marked the liberation of art from the constraints of state-party control and the imposed aesthetics of social realism by which Lubarda opened the door to modernist aesthetics.

• Slavica STAMATOVIĆ VUČKOVIĆ, USTANAK I REVOLUCIJA: MEMORIJALNA ARHITEKTURA CRNE GORE, 345-360   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022SSV
ABSTRACT: Monuments dedicated to the Second World War, works by famous Montenegrin and Yugoslav artists and architects, represent a significant part of Montenegro’s cultural heritage. With their multi-layered meanings and values, they occupy an important place in the historical and social context of modern Montenegro, pointing to the original freedom spirit of the Montenegrin people. The great monument is directly related to the uprising period in 1941 (Monument to the Revolution in Virpazar; Memorial Park to the Uprising and Revolution in Grahovo; Monument to the Fallen Zeta Fighters in the National Liberation War in Golubovci, etc.), and many are through central republican celebrations July 13, just ceremoniously opened on this important holiday (Mausoleum of the Partisan Fighter in Gorica in Podgorica; Monument to the Fallen Fighters in Žabljak, etc.). The integration of sculptural-architectural artistic expression, characteristic of almost all monuments, makes them significant examples of memorial architecture in Montenegroand beyond. For the further correct understanding of their multi-layered meanings and values, the tourist valorization of these monuments is also important. Research conducted through the regional project WWII Monument SEE Assessment of monuments dedicated to World War II for the formation of a new regional tourist product / cultural route in Southeast Europe (conducted by NGO Expeditio, Kotor in cooperation with Regional Cooperation Council RCC, 2018/19), had with the aim of recognizing and promoting the layered meanings and values of these monuments, as well as the somewhat later book “Monuments of World War II in Montenegro” (2020, NGO Expeditio).

• Dušan MEDIN, Dobrila VLAHOVIĆ, MEMORIJALIZACIJA DRUGOG SVJETSKOG RATA NA TERITORIJI OPŠTINE BUDVA KROZ SPOMEN OBILJEŽJA SA STATUSOM KULTURNOG DOBRA, 361-373   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022DMDV
ABSTRACT. The paper reviews the phenomena of memorialization and culture of memory and forgetting on the example of cultural heritage in the territory of the Municipality of Budva, which affirms the memory of World War II. Particular focus will be placed on the cultural property status, the most numerous segments from this heritage, which comes in different types, forms and materialization, and also from different time periods, precisely from the early 1950s. Furthermore, the frameworks of the normative and institutional protection of memorials with the status of cultural property in Montenegro, which are the instrument of their protection, will be consid- ered. The paper presents contribution of the authors in the fight against the increasingly present dangerous social tendencies (not only in our country), such as the revision of historical events and reoccurring attempts to equalize the collaborators movement with antfascist movement, but also against all frequently occurring practices of devastation of the memorials.

• Magdalena RADUNOVIĆ, UTICAJ TRINAESTOJULSKOG USTANKA I NOR-A NA DJELA SPOMENIČKE ARHITEKTURE, 375-385   Download
DOI 10.53251/iz1-22022MR
ABSTRACT: Memorials are used to permanently mark important events, preserve memories of prominent personalities, nurture human ideals and cultural and historical traditions, and pay tribute to freedom fighters, civilian victims of war and mass suffering. Recognition, preservation and popularization of the original tangible and intangible message of monuments and memorials is a professional obligation of all those who deal with the valorization of cultural heritage in various ways. Different types of memorials: monuments, memorial plaques, memo- rial busts, memorial houses, memorial tombs, places of mass executions and other memorials, as materialized memories of important personalities and events, largely depict value patterns and social circumstances of the period in which they were erected, as well as the artistic achievements and craftsmanship of those who shaped them. Monuments and memorials are witness- es of our turbulent history, memory of heroic deeds, significant historical events and personalities. The special feature of the memorials is their spiritual value in terms of preserving the memory of their dedication, and for the most of these memorials, it is the legacy of the Thirteenth of July Uprising and the entire National Liberation War. Their authorial, artistic and architectural value is also special. As such, these memorials represent an extreme- ly important segment of the state‘s cultural heritage. In accordance with the passing time, the social and cultural attitude towards memorials is evolving and changing. The erection of the monuments is becoming part of the urban transformation of the city, especially during the past few decades, but also due to more intensive international cooperation. The memorials were intro- duced into the Register of Cultural Monuments of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments as: „monuments of the People‘s Revolution”, „monuments of the National Liberation War”, „monuments from the First World War”, „monuments from the Balkan Wars”, „Sculpture” and others. The first law regulating the issue of memorials was passed in 1971.

• Dobrila VLAHOVIĆ, KULTURNA BAŠTINA, SIMBOL KOLEKTIVNOG SJEĆANJA NA TRINAESTOJULSKI USTANAK, 387-402   Download
DOI: 10.53251/iz1-22022DV
ABSTRACT: In her work, the author wants to draw attention to the importance of protecting and preserving the material heritage of antifascism by presenting a valuable segment of the Montenegrin memorial cultural heritage with a focus on the heritage dedicated to the Thirteenth of July Uprising. This is an important issue, especially today, when in some countries, unlike in Montenegro, there is an increasing re-examination of the narratives of the past, but also the revision of memories.
The July 13 uprising in Montenegro has a special significance in its history, which is why its citizens inherit a cult of collective memory according to that event and the period of the National Liberation War. In Montenegrin society, there is no review of the memory of the NLW period, on the contrary, a positive social attitude is expressed, which, among other things, is indicated by numerous monuments and memorials, built to re- mind of that period. Monuments to the fighters killed during the National Liberation War were the first symbols of the cult of revolution in Montene- grin post-war society, but also places of historical memories and commemorative practices. Due to their historical significance, most of them have been placed under state protection, have the status of cultural property and represent a significant segment of Montenegrin cultural heritage. There- fore, the paper will discuss this type of cultural heritage, insufficiently valorised and presented, its legal status, condition, and also its role and significance for society.

Sadržaj str. 3950-402   Download

Impresum str. 403-410   Download

• Savo MARKOVIĆ, Dabri, istaknuti patricijski rod u Ulcinju, 7-52   Download

DOI: 10.53251/iz3-42021SM

ABSTRACT: Based on historiographical findings and the documents from the State Archives in Dubrovnik, the historical role and activities of members of one of the most important patrician lineages of Ulcinj are considered prosopographically and multidisciplinarily. The chronological, genealogical and onomastic compatibility of this lineage to expatriates of Ulcinj, Antonine family Gabro of Dubrovnik, are pointed out, too. The Dabris are recorded in available historical sources from the 14th century to the 1600s. Their prominent social position vividly reflects the centuries-old manifold contacts and challenges of life on the border. Especially exemplarily in that regard were the personage and the fate of the young interpretor Pasquale Dabri.

• Radoslav RASPOPOVIĆ, O sadržaju rada crnogorskog izaslanika u Beču tokom pripreme Berlinskog kongresa, 53-65  Download

DOI: 10.53251/iz3-42021RR

ABSTRACT: Missions of small states envoys to international congresses and conferences can be important for many reasons: historiographical, international law, foreign policy, or diplomatic character. Numerous international congresses were held in Europe in the 19th century. All of them, as a rule, were maintained after international crises, such as the Great Eastern Crisis (1876‒1878), which is directly related to our work.

• Galina ŠEVCOVA, Sanitarni odredi RDCK u Crnoj Gori za vreme Balkanskog rata (1912-1913), 67-77  Download

DOI: 10.53251/iz3-42021GS

ABSTRACT: The article is dedicated to the humanitarian aid that Russia provided to Montenegro during the First Balkan War. At the invitation of the Montenegrin government and the Montenegrin Red Cross Society, the Russian Red Cross sent the Yelisvetin and Kharkov Sanitary Detachments, which were briefly joined by the Moscow City Detachment. Having in mind the difficult economic situation in Montenegro, the Russian public also provided financial assistance, which was used to organize soup kitchens for the population and help the families of wounded and killed soldiers. Funds for humanitarian purposes were sent through the Russian Imperial Mission in Cetinje and Grand Duchess Milica Nikolajevna.

• Mile BJELAJAC, Glinski kraj 1938-1941. Strah i zabrinutost Srba za sigurnost i odnos prema vojsci i državi, 79-99  Download

DOI: 10.53251/iz3-42021MB

ABSTRACT: In this paper, the author gives an overview of the political situation in Banija and the regions of the Banovina Savska and Primorska and since August 1939 the Banovina of Croatia, areas where the Serbian and Croatian populations were mixed. Residents, mostly Serbs and Yugoslav loyalists of Glina and the wider area were deeply concerned about the deteriorating trends in interethnic relations, which are characterized by open threats, pressure and aggression aimed at political victory and secession of Croatia from Yugoslavia. The situation worsened after 1936 due to the strengthening of the Croatian Peasant and Civil Guard. The establishment of the Banovina of Croatia, intended to calm tensions, contributed instead to the radicalization of the situation. The Serb and Yugoslav affiliated population followed the situation with understandable concern, which only worsened as the Axis Powers have accomplished their goals in Europe. The reports of the

civilian authorities, the gendarmerie and the army are full of the facts and testimonies about the situation and gloomy predictions if nothing would be done. Military and defense activities were sabotaged not only by the Frankists but also by the very top of the CPP (HSS). The creators of the Agreement (1939) on the Serbian side were deeply disappointed and felt betrayed. Newspapers and brochures are spread and read, retold too. That could only fueled mistrust and concerns, even fears. The loyal attitude of the SDS in the coalition with the HSS, as well as the calls for solidarity and cooperation from the part of local representatives of the ruling JRZ, did not reverse the increasingly radical attitudes of the HSS and the illegal Frankists. The events in April and May 1941 showed that the fears were justified.

• Rastko LOMPAR, Prilog istraživanju borbe jugoslovenskih vlasti protiv pokreta Zbor u zemlji i emigraciji 1944–1974, 101-122  Download

DOI: 10.53251/iz3-42021RL

АBSTRACT: Тhe aim of this paper is to highlight some aspects of the struggle between the Yugoslav National Movement Zbor and the state security apparatus of Socialist Yugoslavia. It covers the period between the evacuation of the Movement’s members from Serbia in 1944 and the assassination of Zbor’s leader Jakov Ljotić in 1974. It describes the repression against the Movement’s members and their families within the country as well as the covert operations aimed against the émigré organization of Zbor. The paper is based on unpublished sources from Serbian and Croatian archives, as well as some declassified documents of the CIA.

• Boris VUKIĆEVIĆ, Crnogorski kadrovi u diplomatskoj službi socijalističke Jugoslavije, 123-150  Download

DOI: 10.53251/iz3-42021BV

ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the role of diplomats of Montenegrin affiliation in the Yugoslav diplomatic service during the era of socialist Yugoslavia (1945-1991).It lists all Yugoslav ambassadors with the Montenegrin republic affiliation, covering as well their roles in the diplomatic network and their backgrounds. It emphasizes the roles of both the ambassadors to other countries and heads of missions to international organizations, adding some of the consuls’ general as well. It also makes parallels with the previous (Kingdom of) Yugoslavia and the role of diplomats from Montenegro in its diplomatic service, and gives the conclusion on the importance of the heritage of the diplomacy of the socialist epoch for contemporary Montenegrin diplomacy.

Prilozi

• Darija TIMOFEJEV, Iz istorije diplomatskih odnosa Rusije i Švedske u XVII v. Na primeru diplomate, špijuna, prebeglice, prevodilaca G. K. Kotošihina, 151-168  Download

DOI: 10.53251/iz3-42021DT

ABSTRACT: Based on the extensive literature and available sources, the article discusses the life and work of Kotoshikhin, a Russian diplomat who fled to the Swedes in the middle of the 17th century. The author comes to the conclusion that the activity of the Russian Diplomatic Office could attract the attention not only of Swedish diplomats who dealt with Russia, but also as a result of contained novelties that only later became generally accepted in world diplomatic practice.

• Stanko JOVANOVIĆ, Ideje Petra Šobajića o ranosrednjovjekovnom etničkom miješanju u Bjelopavlićima, 169-197  Download

DOI: 10.53251/iz3-42021SJ

ABSTRACT: Petar Šobajić (1891 – 1957) was a Montenegrin anthropographer and ethnographer dedicated to thorough research of Montenegrin clans and their ethnogenesis. This paper primarily deals with research that Petar Šobajić conducted in region of Bjelopavlići, whose results Sobajic published in 1923, under the name Бјелопавлићи и Пјешивци (Bjelopavlici i Pjesivci) in the Serbian Ethnographical Journal. The main concern of this paper are the old populations of Španji and Lužani. The first step was uncovering the academic influences which inspired Šobajić to conduct this type of research, then present the content of his ideas. The body of the paper takes an archaeological stance, providing a critical approach through a multidisciplinary lens on Šobajic’s ideas. In that sense, the knowledge that Šobajić presented is not set in stone as ‘the people’s truth’, but as important written oral tradition which can be critically opposed with various archaeological and historical evidence and records.

In Memoriam

• Olga PELCER VUJAČIĆ, Miroslava Mirković (1933-2020), 199-203  Download

• Snežana FERJANČIĆ, RIMSKA VOJSKA NA TLU CRNE GORE: EPIGRAFSKA SVEDOČANSTVA, 7-25  Download

ABSTRACT: Epigraphic evidence from the territory of Montenegro pertaining to the Roman army testifies to the history of the province of Dalmatia and its garrison. Inscriptions imply the existence of stations of beneficiarii consularis in Doclea and Municipium Splonistarum respectively. From the reign of Marcus Aurelius onwards, the latter town might have been garrisoned by a detachment of the cohort II milliaria Delmatarum, which was stationed on the border between Dalmatia and Moesia Superior. Epigraphic evidence from Risinium and Municipium Splonistarum shows that the units of the Roman army were replenished with recruits from these towns and their territories. Onomastic evidence implies that some of the conscripts belonged to the indigenous population of Dalmatia.

• Мирко ОБРАДОВИћ, РЕКЕ НА БАЛКАНУ ЈУЖНО ОД ДУНАВА И СЕВЕРНО

ОД ХЕЛАДЕ У СТРАБОНОВОЈ ГЕОГРАФИЈИ, 27-51  Download

ABSTRACT: The paper deals with Strabo’s account of rivers running through the Balkans, belonging to the Black Sea, Adriatic and Aegean drainage basins. His knowledge of rivers is focused on navigable parts and river mouths, rather than on those parts closer to the source. Regarding the rivers of the Black Sea drainage basin, Strabo mentions the most important right tributaries of the Danube, and the Sava River and its tributaries are considered in relation to the ancient trade routes. The rivers of the Adriatic basin are mostly short and isolated without the possibility of easy communication between one river-basin and another, but the economic importance of these rivers is underlined and it is specified, seen from the mouth to the inland, whether a river is navigable or not. Strabo was also well acquainted with the five great rivers of ancient Macedonia and Thrace which enter the Aegean Sea. Unfortunately, Book VII of Strabo’s Geography is not preserved in its entirety, but even in the fragmentary state in which it is preserved, it contains the most complete geographical description of ancient Macedonia and the Thracian coast in antiquity we possess today.

• Миљан ГОГИћ, О ПОВЕЉИ КРАЉИЦЕ ЈЕЛЕНЕ АНЖУЈСКЕ ЗА СЕЛО ЗАТОР (1276‒1306), 53-72  Download

ABSTRACT: This paper analyses the contents of the text of the charter issued by Queen Helen of Anjou to the village of Zator‒which is in the immediate vicinity of Kotor –during her reign in Zeta (1276‒1306). The charter has been preserved in multiple transcripts, as well as Italian translations. The charter states the boundaries of the village, as defined by Queen Helen, which were established on the site. Penalties are prescribed in the case of any unlawful use of this area by the surrounding population. The charter stipulates legal norms which determine the pecuniary tributes paid by the inhabitants of the village, in relation to court proceedings. A fine is prescribed for any breach of these norms. The paper concludes that a part of the border of the village of Zator had corresponded with a part of the border of the Kotor district since the first half of the 14th century.

• Dorin-Ioan RUS, CONSIDERATIONS SUR LES ANOMALIES CLIMATIQUES DANS LES PRINCIPAUTES DANUBIENNES ENTRE 1783 ET 1785, 73-104  Download

ABSTRACT: This lecture is part of a larger project dealing with the environmental history of South-East Europe in the 18th and 19th century. It will discuss the impact of natural and meteorological phenomena on a multicultural society in a borderland of the Russian, Ottoman and Habsburg Empire. The study assesses this topic from two perspectives: that of contemporary interpretations and that of contemporary intervention measures. The population’s perceptions at the time were permeated by religious concepts, such as divine punishment, while the official perception had only started to be influenced by the rational, enlightened interpretation of the transition period to modernity. The eruption of Laki in 1783 triggered a sudden and serious climate change. The ensuing drop in temperature caused a massive decrease in agricultural production which, in turn, lead to famine in the following years. The effects of this catastrophe in this part of Europe have not yet been thoroughly researched thus far. A great number of chronicles, travel books, memoirs, official documents in Central and Western Europe mention low temperatures, price hikes, poverty and famine. Based on external sources, this research will contribute to the development of historiography on the on climatic anomalies in the Danube principalities between 1783 and 1785 and analyses the impact of weather on the economy of both Romanian countries. In comparison with other Central European countries, the impact of the weather on the two Romanian principalities was rather weak, the economy functioned within its limits; the summer and autumn of 1785 were extremely rich. The main problem of both analysed countries was the plague, which broke out during this period.

• Anna BATZELI, MONTENEGRIN VOLUNTEERS IN THE GREEK WAR OF INDEPENDENCE, 105-113  Download

ABSTRACT: On the occasion of the bicentennial anniversary of the Greek War of Independence, the present paper aims to briefly present the participation of Montenegrin volunteers in the revolutionary activities. Montenegrin volunteers’ participation is an interesting case study, as it is linked to the Balkan dimension of the Greek revolution and it offers insights on the impact of the French revolution in the region.

• Giordano MERLICCO, BETWEEN OLD AUSTRIA AND NEW FOES: ITALY AND THE YUGOSLAV PROJECT (1917-18), 115-138  Download

ABSTRACT: After the 1917 Corfu Declaration several Italian political circles adopted a warm approach towards Yugoslav unity. Following Mazzini’s ideas, democratic interventionists had claimed since the beginning of the war a policy based on the national principle. They were eventually joined by more conservative sectors, which believed the international context had radically changed since 1915 and therefore it was necessary to make a general reappraisal of Italy’s war aims. They favoured a deal with Serbia and the Yugoslav Committee in order to destabilize the Austrian Empire and agree a mutually acceptable definition of the common border. Minister of Foreign Affairs Sonnino instead believed that Italian war aims had been fixed once and for all in 1915 and refused both direct talks and a reappraisal of Italian war aims. Lacking a bilateral deal with Serbs/Yugoslavs, Rome finally found itself helpless at the peace negotiations, when Paris and London backtracked from the promises made in 1915.

• Срђа МАРТИНОВИћ, МОНОПОЛСКА, ПОГРАНИЧНА И ФИНАНСИЈСКА

ЖАНДАРМЕРИЈА У КЊАЖЕВИНИ И КРАЉЕВИНИ ЦРНОЈ ГОРИ, 139-152  Download

ABSTRACT: The first half of the first decade of the 20th century was marked by the strengthening of gendarmerie bodies and the adoption of appropriate legal regulations or ordinances. The increase in smuggling of tobacco and weapons imposed the need to form special bodies that would oppose various manipulations and smuggling. In the then Principality and Kingdom of Montenegro, in addition to the state and military gendarmerie, three more functioned: monopoly, border and financial. These gendarmerie had different competencies, which often overlapped in the field.

Prilozi

• Burhan ČELEBIĆ, STEĆCI BJELOPOLJSKO-BIHORSKOG KRAJA KAO MATERIJALNI SEGMENT NEDOVOLJNO ISTRAŽENE KULTURNO-ISTORIJSKE BAŠTINE, 153-176  Download

ABSTRACT: This paper presents my research on the discovery of numerous hitherto unknown necropolises of stećak – tombstones in the Bijelo Polje-Bihor region. A review is given of previous research, but also of inconsistent opinions about symbols and inscriptions on many stećak – tombstones. Unfortunately, a large part of the stećak – tombstones in this area were either broken or built into various buildings, so my intention was, in addition to finding and interpreting the symbols on them, to point out to our professional public and cultural heritage institutions to encourage further research and protection of this truly great cultural treasure. Many necropolises of stećak tombstones found in the Bijelo Polje-Bihor region are a real archaeological treasure, both in terms of their shapes and the motifs found on the stećak tombstones. In this area, we find such a variety of motifs on the stećak – tombstones that it is a real cultural treasure that deserves further research, but the valorization of existing ones.

• Filip D. VUČETIĆ, ANEKSIONA KRIZA I SRPSKO PITANJE 1908-1909, 177-191  Download

ABSTRACT: By the decisions of the Berlin Congress in 1878, Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina, although it was still the territory of the Ottoman Empire. The entry of the Austrian military and civilian authorities into Bosnia and Herzegovina was the first step of the German penetration to the east. From 1878, Vienna had carefully been preparing the annexation and the right moment for it was 1908. Defeated in the war with Japan, and shaken by the revolution in 1905, Russia was unable to react. The annexation, carried out by Vienna, caused dissatisfaction in Cetinje and Belgrade. Serbia and Montenegro were ready to get into war for their rights. For the above-mentioned reasons, Russia was not ready for war, so Serbia and Montenegro had to withdraw, failing to receive even territorial compensation for the loss of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Izvori

• Радослав РАСПОПОВИћ, ПЕТАР АНДРЕЈЕВИЧ ШУВАЛОВ: БИЉЕШКЕ О БЕРЛИНСКОМ КОНГРЕСУ, 193-219  Download

ABSTRACT: The paper is based on the memoirs of Count Peter Andreyevich Shuvalov, the second plenipotentiary representative of the Russian Empire at the Berlin Congress. The remarks made by P.A. Shuvalov regarding the work of the Congress are kept as a written record in the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA) in St. Petersburg, in the fund of the Office of the Minister of Finance. The significance of the Congress and the significance of the person who wrote down his own account of the said events, make this document unique among the documents on the work of the Congress.

Povodom šezdeset godina od osnivanja Pokreta nesvrstanih,

• Ljubodrag DIMIĆ, AKCIJA „MIR“ (ili kako je ostvarena „visoka obaveštenost“ i „veština predviđanja“ političkih poteza učesnika Konferencije šefova država i vlada neangažovanih zemalja u Beogradu, septembra 1961. godine), 7-32 DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: On the base of documents from Yugoslav archives, most­ly Archive of Yugoslavia and Diplomatic archive of the Ministry of foreign affairs of Serbia, the article covers the activities of Yugoslav officials to pre­pare, organize and successfully direct the planned conference of Non-Aligned countries, held in September of 1961 in Belgrade. These activities covered the wide range, from the communication of diplomatic representatives with officials in their host countries, to intensive intelligence work aimed at col­lecting relevant data on delegates to the conference, their political attitudes and positions, all in order of gaining the control over the event‘s flow and re­sults. The acquired data enabled Yugoslav leadership, especially Josip Broz Tito, to mitigate the tensions and forge the needed compromises among the participants, needed for the overall success of the conference.

Članci

• Ifigenija RADULOVIĆ, Snežana VUKADINOVIĆ, Dokimasija protiv Filona ili o lošim građanima i čestitim strancima, 33-46 DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: According to Lysias’ oration 31 the paper deals with the relationship citizens – noncitizens, i.e. metics, and their rights, exploring this relationship with regard to moral values. It also deals with the institution­al procedure of dokimasia which was established after the restoration of de­mocracy in Athens in 403 BC in order to prevent the immoral and inappro­priate citizens from running a campaign and from being elected public offi­cials. The paper is accompanied by the first translation of this Lysias’ ora­tion into Serbian.

• Nemanja VUJČIĆ, Robovi s Jadrana u klasičnoj Grčkoj, 47-61 DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: The paper examines the presence of slaves from the Adri­atic regions in the Classical Greece, as a contribution to the ongoing debate about the prevalence and general importance of Illyrian piracy in the pre-Hellenistic times. Traditional historiography maintains that there was wide­spread, indeed “endemic” Illyrian piracy centuries prior to the recorded ac­tivities of Illyrian pirates under king Agron in the second half of the 3rd centu­ry BC. If this was really the case, we would expect that it had a significant im­pact on the supply of slaves in Classical times. However, the examination of available sources (Old Attic comedy, prose literature, slave records from the Laurion mines, the Attic stelai, the slave lists from Chios, Athenian naval cat­alogues etc.) shows their presence to be minimal. Some slaves from Illyria are mentioned in the Attic stelai but hardly anywhere else, their numbers being dwarfed by the multitudes of Anatolian and Thracian slaves. Extant sources imply that there was no large scale export of slaves from Illyria in the Clas­sical times and, likewise, that the scale of Illyrian piracy was fairly modest.

• Vladimir TOMIĆ, Veze Cetinja i Beograda Crnojevićki uzori u Beogradskom Četvorojevanđelju, 63-74 DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: The paper is dedicated to the influence of Crnojević‘s printing on the Belgrade Four Gospels from 1552. The works printed in Ce­tinje served as a model for later, not only Serbian, but also Romanian print­ing houses. We see the repetition of Cetinje motifs in Cyrillic editions in Goražde, Rujno, Gračanica, Mileseva, Belgrade and Mrkšina Crkva, as well as Trgovište in Wallachia. If it existed, the Crnojević Four Gospels could serve as a template for the creation of the Vlach Four Gospels, which would mean that it became a model for all later four Gospels, the Rujan, Belgrade and Mrkšina Crkva.

• Luka I. MILUNOVIĆ, VJENČANJE CRNE GORE S MOREM. O slici I. Žmirića u svijetlu arhivskoga dokumenta , 75-83 DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: Relying on the previously unused archival document in the literature, the paper points out new facts and different angles of view, re­garding the arrival of the artist I.Žmirić with his artwork on Cetinje in 1881.

• Saša KNEŽEVIĆ, Crna Gora i Istočno pitanje na kraju XIX vijeka, 85-95 DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: The Balkan states saw the Eastern Question as a crea­tion of favourable opportunities for attaining positions in the European parts of Turkey, and even their potential redistribution. Montenegro also had its own aspirations, but it had to sense the mood and take position of the Great Powers. A new crisis was foreshadowed when the riots of the Greek popu­lation in Crete broke out in 1896. Open conflict between Greece and Turkey brought the issue of European Turkey back into the focus of the diplomacy of the Great Powers, but also of the Balkan states. Austria-Hungary and Russia agreed on maintaining peace and preserving the status quo in the Balkans, which greatly affected not only them but the Balkan states as well. This paper looks into the diplomatic activities of Montenegro and its international posi­tions at the end of the XIX century.

• Peter MIKŠA, Matija ZORN, Rasparčana Slovenija 1941–1945. Na primjeru okupacionih granica, 97-120 DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: Today‘s Slovenia was occupied by four countries during the Second World War – Germany, Italy, Hungary and Croatia. The demarca­tion between them was mainly based on Hitler‘s instructions on the dismem­berment of Yugoslavia. The borders were secured with minefields, wire fenc­es and bunkers. The new borders changed the traditional patterns of life in these areas and cut into the daily life and habits of the local population. With this work, we show how the borders were politically and diplomatically de­termined, where over 660 kilometers of occupation borders passed, how they were secured and how life went along with them.

• Bogdan ŽIVKOVIĆ, Od novog pomirenja do strateškog saveza: Odnosi jugoslovenskih i italijanskih komunista od 1962. do Toljatijeve posete januara 1964. godine, 121-146 DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: On the basis of unpublished sources from the archives of the communist parties of Yugoslavia and Italy (Arhiv Jugoslavije, Bel­grade; Archivio del Partito comunista italiano, Rome), this article analyz­es the relations between these two parties during the early sixties. In a few very significant and crucial years for their interparty relations, the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) and the Italian Communist Party (PCI) managed to reestablish their relations, and to elevate them to a level of a strategic alliance. The aim of this article is to analyze that process, which was the foundation of a closer friendship and alliance of the LCY and PCI in the following decades.

• Jelisaveta BLAGOJEVIĆ, „Libijsko proljeće“: fragmentacija patrimonijalne vojske, 147-171 DONLOAD

ABSTRACT: The main goal of this paper is to answer the following research question: How did the Libyan military react to the protest against the regime of Muammar al Gaddafi, i.e. what factors determined its role in the transition, how did that role influence the course of transition and the possibility of establishing civilian control over military in the new regime? Accordingly, the paper covers description and explanation of political, his­torical and cultural identity of Libya, the basic features of Gaddafi’s rule, as well as the position of the military in its regime. Finally, there is given anal­ysis of the influence of the military division into the pro-regime and anti-re­gime forces during the uprising, on the results of the transition. Post-spring Libya lost the elements of statehood i.e. monopoly over coercive force. Libya is ruled by “militias” that fighting for control over oil resources. Available data were analyzed, classified and systematized using the historiographical method, as well as method of case analysis and method of analysis of avail­able literature and documentation.

Prilozi 

• Radenko ŠĆEKIĆ, (Novi) hladni rat u novom milenijumu, 173-190 DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: The Cold War refers to the period of development of in­ternational relations after the Second World War, which was characterized by ideological, political, military and overall bloc bipolarization and con­frontation between the great powers of the West, ie the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) founded in 1949 and the Warsaw Pact established by the USSR in 1955. The epithet „cold” was given to this war because its ac­tors sought to achieve their goals of supremacy and domination in interna­tional relations by avoiding direct armed conflict through the bloc and inter­est division of the world. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the War­saw Pact, NATO continued to dominate unhindered globally. The new mil­lennium has brought an era of multipolarity and the economic and political influence of the West is declining.

Prikazi 

• Ivan LAKOVIĆ, Bogdanović, B., Raspopović, R. (2020) CRNOGORSKO NAORUŽANJE / MONTENEGRIN WEAPONS. Ilustrovana monografija o razvoju pješadijskog naoružanja u Crnoj Gori (1870–1916), Podgorica: UniverzitetCrneGore, 273 str, 191-193 DOWNLOAD
• Žarko LEKOVIĆ, Budimir Aleksić, IZ PROŠLOSTI CRNE GORE I HERCEGOVINE, Institut za srpsku kulturu – Nikšić, Nikšić, 2020, 195-200 DOWNLOAD
• Saša KNEŽEVIĆ, Slavko Burzanović, CRNA GORA U ITALIJANSKOJ SPOLJNOJ POLITICI 1861–1923, CANU, Podgorica 2019, 201-203 DOWNLOAD
• Marek BIAŁOKUR, Agnieszka MISIURSKA, À propos d’un pays trop petit pour être une superpuissance, mais trop grand pour accepter le rôle d’une petite nation… Quelques réflexions sur le livre de Andrzej Nowak SUR L’HISTOIRE, PAS POUR LES IDIOTS. CONVERSATIONS ET AFFAIRES, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Krakow 2019, p. 623, 205-220 DOWNLOAD
• Vukota VUKOTIĆ, Luka Milunović, CRNOGORSKO GLUMIŠTE. Od 19. stoljeća do Prvog svjetskog rata. Podgorica: Matica crnogorska; Cetinje: Državni arhiv Crne Gore, 2017, 514 str, 221-224 DOWNLOAD

Povodom 70-ogodišnjice donošenja Šumanove deklaracije kao početka procesa formiranja Evropske unije,

• Gordana ĐUROVIĆ, Od Šumanove deklaracije do savremene unije: Integracioni put Crne Gore, 7-45   DOWNLOAD

Abstract: Seven decades have passed since the presentation of Schuman’s declaration, a concise powerful and visionary statement by French Minister Robert Schuman, which proposes the creation of the first European supranational organization for coal and steel. On May 9, 1950, at the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Paris, the process of integration of European countries essentially began. The ideas and concepts of the Schuman Declaration, which represents a turning point in the history of Europe, are incorporated into all future European treaties, from the Paris Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, through the Treaties of Rome and all their amendments, to the 2007 Lisbon Reform Treaty. Europe developed on the affirmation of the principles of peace, solidarity, economic prosperity and common European values. Today, the idea of European unification gathers 27 European countries, and one of the countries knocking on the door of the Union is Montenegro. This paper gives a brief overview of the integration path of Montenegro towards the supranational organization sui generis, as the Union is today. The chronology of tracing the European path of Montenegro can be viewed in the broader context of establishing the first relations with the European Economic Community (EEC) of the then Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) in the period from 1967 to 1991, then the characteristics of relations with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) with the then European Communities in the period from 1992 to 2003, and the relations that further developed in the period of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (SM) from 2003 to 2006, and finally the development of relations between the Union and the independent state of Montenegro in the period from the regaining Montenegrin independence in 2006 until today.

• Bojan JOVANOVIĆ, Akcija i reakcija: Maršalov plan i Šumanova deklaracija, 47-69  DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: The main goal of this essay is to see if there is a certain, real causal link between so called Marshall plan and what is well known as Schuman declaration; that is, in wider, general sense, it is about establishing historical link between America’s foreign policy after World War II (firstly, period 1947-1950) and the beginnings of what we now usually call European integration. The essay shows that Shuman declaration is in fact not original initiative, but rather response or reaction to huge pressure that USA, especially in autumn of 1949 and on, did put on French government and France. USA wanted from France to assume lidership in Western Europe, and to come up with solution for “German question”, that is, some proposal that would have strong European dimension, which would enable re-integration of Western Germany into Western Europe and the family of European nations…and so and by that at the same time matching one of the most important, if not the most important goal of america’s overall foreign policy of the time.

Članci

• Gilliane MONNIER, Gilbert TOSTEVIN, Goran PAJOVIĆ, Nikola BOROVINIĆ, Mile BAKOVIĆ, Nova istraživanja paleolitskog nalazišta Crvena Stijena, istorijski kontekst, 71-108  DOWNLOAD

Abstract: The rockshelter of Crvena Stijena (Nikšić municipality, Montenegro) is one of the most important Paleolithic sites in southeastern Europe. Its 20-meter deep sequence of archaeological deposits spans the Middle Paleolithic through the Bronze Age. The Middle Paleolithic deposits themselves, which cover an astonishing 12 meters in depth, contain one of the longest records of Neanderthal occupation in the region. Since its discovery in 1954, the site has been the subject of two major research projects; the data they have produced have helped make it a critical type-site for the Paleolithic in the Balkans. In this paper, our goal is to introduce the aims and methodologies of the new research collaboration at Crvena Stijena that we established in 2016. We first present the site within the context of the Middle Paleolithic of the western Balkans. We then describe the history of research at Crvena Stijena, and summarize the results of the last project, which were recently published. Finally, we describe the research questions that are guiding our new investigations, and the methods we are applying in order to answer these questions while preserving as much of the site as possible for future generations of archaeologists.

• Antal MOLNÁR, Kavaljer Franjo Bolica (†1653): Kotorski patricij na razdjelnici između Rima, Mletaka i Balkana, 109-132  DOWNLOAD

Abstract: The aim of this study is to introduce the intermediary role of Kotor in the Balkan missions comparing it to the same activities of Ragusa. From 1578 the Bolica family was responsible for coordinating the postal service from Venice to Istanbul, as a consequence of which the family acquired a vast network of connections in the Balkans. In the 17th century four members of the Bolica family which ran the postal service worked as the Balkan commissioners of the Congregation of Propaganda Fide. Franjo Bolica was the most outstanding of the four due to his personal qualities and as a result of both the importance of his commissions and the prosperity during the war of Candia (1645-1669).

• Burhan ČELEBIĆ, O nekim osmanskim natpisima kod starog Bara; Darka Bakića, Pitanje emigracije osmanskih podanika iz skadarskog i kosovskog vilajeta u Crnu Goru, 133-147  DOWNLOAD

Abstract: In this article, we will interpret and present Old Turkish (Ottoman) inscriptions from the Bar region, which date from the historical range from the 17th to the 20th century, with a transcription from Old Turkish to the Ottoman language, with a translation in our language as well. Namely, the basic research intention of these recent researches in Bar is directed towards presenting to the scientific, professional and general reading public the inscriptions from the stone surfaces and their meaning with nišan tombstones, fountains and chronograms, while at the same time unusual ornamentation, shapes and various decorative motifs that adorn them and essentially determine them. In addition to translations of these specific archaeological-historical testimonies about people and the spirit of the time from which these artifacts date, we also provide photographs that speak not only about the significance and values of this material heritage but also about the condition in which they are.

• Darko BAKIĆ, Pitanje emigracije osmanskih podanika iz skadarskog i kosovskog vilajeta u Crnu Goru, 149-167  DOWNLOAD

Abstract: The suppression of armed rebellions of Albanians, which in Kosovo’s and in Shkodra’s vilayet did oppose the policy of Ottomanization of the society that the Young Turks was carrying out at the time, had as its consequence a huge number of refugees from war-affected areas that were seeking for some refuge in Montenegro. Even though it was overburdening Montenegro’s financial system, King Nicholas I gladly received refugees from Albania in Montenegro, not only from humanitarian reasons but also because he wanted to gain their affection towards his state, in or-der to much easier, when the opportunity arises, achieve the main goal of his foreign policy to ex-tend Montenegro’s territory to northern Albania.

• Arpad HORNYAK, The Integration of the Délvidék (Southern Parts of the Kingdom of Hungary) into the Administration of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. A Hungarian Perspective, 169-187  DOWNLOAD

Abstract: The southern territories of the Kingdom of Hungary came under the suzerainty of the newly formed Yugoslav Kingdom and until today constitute an integral part of its successor. This study aims to introduce the first historic phase of this centennial process, the incorporation of the Banat and Bačka into the administration of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. During this, while also details the endeavors of different Yugoslav governments, it also tries to introduce the various Hungarian aspects, chiefly in the years 1919-1920, and give an insight on the effects of all this on the Hungarian population of the territories in the new state.

Prilozi 

• Bojan NOVAKOVIĆ, Teritorijalno-upravna organizacija Onogošta (Nikšića) od XV do XVIII vijeka, 189-213  DOWNLOAD

Abstract: The paper is dedicated to the analysis of social and historical circumstances surrounding the origin and change in the territorial and administrative structure of the area of Onogošt (Nikšić) from mid-XV until early XVIII century. Even though the nahiyah of Onogošt was formed within its natural boundaries, as was the feudal župa preceding it, the censuses that followed proved it to be transformed in line with the principle of tribes and clans, thus being divided into four nahiyahs: Onogošt, Gračanica/Nikšić, Riđani and Komarnica. The local communities maintained complex relations which applied also to the change in their territorial position, the fact confirmed by scarce data. The recently published census of the Sanjak of Herzegovina from 1701 contained data which permit a better perception of the former territorial and administrative structure of Onogošt (Nikšić) and the neighboring areas.

ABSTRACT: The paper examines the socio-economic position and the everyday reality of the life of slaves in Lydia and Phrygia, two regions of considerable size within the boundaries of the Roman province of Asia, during the first three centuries of our era. The sources available for the study of slavery in Roman Anatolia are mainly epigraphic monuments, though some ancient writers and anepigraphic archaeological finds offer significant insights as well. The impression gained by the study of this material suggests that slavery was widespread and that it permeated both private life and public institutions, though exact numbers of slaves and their economic significance is difficult to determine.

• Hasan BABACAN, Abidin TEMMIZER, The Muslim Census Book Found with a Soldier Registered in Taşlica (Pljevlja) District, 33-44     DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: This study on Taşlıca (Pljevlja) district Muslim military population register The book is registered in the Turkish Presidency State Archives of the Republic of Turkey Ottoman Archives (BOA) population registers, under the number Nfs.d 5780. The population book was prepared April 22, 1868. The book includes the household number, names and birth dates of 192 household heads in 5 neighborhoods and 21 villages of Taşlıca. At the beginning of the book, it is stated that there is also another book prepared since these household heads were in the military.

• Галина ШЕВЦОВА, Деятельность Комитета «Зеленый Крест», Состоявшего Под Покровительством Великой Княгини Милицы Николаевны. 1914-1916, 45-53     DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: This paper is based on historical data and Russian press materials for the period from 1914 to 1916 and tells about activities of Green Cross, one of philanthropic organization under protection of the grand duchess Militsa Nikolaevna. Green Cross was established in the first days of the war, opened its divisions in many towns of Russia and provided assistance to Russian, Montenegrin and Serbian soldiers and members of their families. Unique feature of this philanthropic organization consisted in its financial independence of government grants and the amount of collected funds was illustrative of its popularity among people. Such activity went up against other committees under august protection. Activity of green Cross was terminated in December 1916 by decision of the Council of Ministers.

• Vesna ĐIKANOVIĆ, Crnogorska Politička Emigracija u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama (1922-1924) – Aktivnosti i Jugoslovenski Odgovori, 55-81    DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: Presented paper focuses on the activities of Montenegrin emigration in the USA in the years following the end of First World War. New political solutions, disappearance of Montenegro and creation of new Yugoslav State, provoked activities of some Montenegrins in order to promote an idea of restoration of the independent Montenegro. Activities, ideas, impact, reaction of Yugoslav State and its representatives in America as well as results and outcomes are the object of analyses.

• Ivan LAKOVIĆ, Crnogorska Policija u Očima Posmatrača OEBS 1997-2006. godine, 83-103    DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: On the base of reports by the relevant body of the OSCE Mission in then Serbia and Montenegro, the paper deals with the topic of perception of Montenegrin police forces and their reformation by the OSCE experts assigned for this area. The article covers the period on the verge of centuries, when Montenegro acquired the new political course towards closer bonding with the West. Finally resulting in changing the status of its statehood, social and political processes of this time were directed and conducted by governmental authorities who dominantly relied upon the use of police forces and the control over them. In this sense, perception of the such police in the eyes of representatives of international community, among which the OSCE’s ones had the most direct contact, brings an insight into the contemporary conditions, problems, perspectives and possibilities of reform within the one of the most important tools the Montenegrin government had at its disposal.

• Danilo KALEZIĆ, The Nature of Political Transformations in Montenegro in the Early 90s: Prolongated Transition and Halted Democratization, 105-116    DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: Montenegro’s political transformation from communism to liberal democracy was marked by remarkable political and social developments all of which severely damaged democratic consolidation and political transformation. Instead of following the pattern of other Central/ Eastern European states, Montenegro was deadlocked with an unresolved national question and fragile democratic framework; prolongation of fundamental emancipation of society and state. The article examines major political developments starting the dissolution of Yugoslavia and the introduction of pluralism, and their implications on political and societal transformations in Montenegro.

• Aiša KURBARDOVIĆ, Teskere kao Istorijski Izvori Osmanske Provenijencije u Arhivu Istorijskog Instituta Crne Gore, 117-126    DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: This work is motivated by the desire and need to present to the academic public and the wider readership an illustration of lesser-known tadhkirah (Ottoman tezkire) that have been neglected in our historiography. Teskere of Ottoman provenance stored in the Archives of the Historical Institute of Montenegro are an important source of knowledge when it comes to studying the history of Montenegro. These dated documents from the second half of the 18th century, which we publish here, testify to the manner of appointing the village prince and the collection of taxes during the Ottoman rule. In fact, they are important for the local history of Crmnička nahiyah, because they provide us with reliable information on the manner of official communication between the local population and the competent Ottoman authorities.

• Miljan GOGIĆ, Kotorske Isprave iz Ostavštine Vicka Antuna Paskvalija, 127-140    DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: The paper contains transcripts of some medieval documents from the manuscript collection “Memorie sulle Bocche di Cattaro concernenti il Culto”, whose parchment templates were in the possession of the Kotor canon Vicko Antun Paskvali during the 18th century. The documents refer to the churches of Kotor: St. Nicholas of the Gardens (1289), St. Lorenzo of Plata (1324, 1347, 1348), St. Luka’s (1270), St. Basileus on Šuranj (1309), St. Maria of Gurdići (1318), and St. Jacob of Loggia (1388). Most of the documents relate to the election of abbots, founding, and patronage over churches, one refers to the leasing of church property. Some of these documents have been scarcely known so far.

• Radoslav Raspopović, Nekoliko Ćirilskih Dokumenata o Šćepanu Malom, 141-185    DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: A number of Cyrillic documents written by Šćepan Mali have been published in this paper. Based on their transcribed versions, the author of the paper points out the importance of these materials for the deciphering of the motives behind the appearance of Šćepan Mali, who proclaimed himself to be the Russian Tsar Peter III.

• Obilježavanje sedamdeset godina postojanja Istorijskog instituta i izlaženja časopisa „Istorijski zapisi“ – SA PROSLAVE Sedamdesete godišnjice Istorijskog instituta i izlaženja časopisa “Istorijski zapisi”, 7-12   DOWNLOAD
• Obraćanje Rektora UCG, prof. dr Danila Nikolića i uručenje plakete Istorijskom Institutu, 13-16   DOWNLOAD
• Obraćanje direktora Istorijskog Instituta, dr Radoslava Raspopovića, 17-24   DOWNLOAD
• Obraćanje predstavnice Fonda za javnu diplomatiju „A.M. Gorčakov“, g-đice Sandre Stoilković, 25-26   DOWNLOAD
• Obraćanje pomoćnice za visoko obrazovanje u Ministarstvu Prosvjete, g-đice Mubere Kurpejović, 27-28   DOWNLOAD
• Obraćanje predstavnika Univerziteta Sapienca u Rimu, prof. dr Fabija Grasija, 29-31   DOWNLOAD

ČLANCI

• Antal MOLNÁR, Dva neobjavljena izvještaja barskog nadbiskupa Marina Bicija o Srbiji i Albaniji (1622), 37-63   DOWNLOAD

Abstract: The paper analyzes and publishes two previously unknown reports (1622) of the Archbishop of Bar, Marino Bizzi, one of the most prominent representatives of Balkan missionary prelates before 1622. From these documents, it can be seen that Bizzi was predominantly a representative of the old missionary concept, which placed hopes in the conversion of Eastern Christians. In these plans he had the support of the Congregation of the Council.

• Miljan GOGIĆ, Još jednom o Ciborijumu Katedrale Sv. Tripuna u Kotoru posvećenog Petilovrijencima, 65-73   DOWNLOAD

Abstract: On the basis of a newly discovered source, this paper presents new details in relation to the ciborium dedicated to the Kotor martyrs – the Petilovrijenci. The previously presented facts about its appearance and the writing on it are confirmed, but there are certain corrections of the statements previously made in regard to the ciborium’s position in the cathedral and the time until when it could have existed as a whole in the St. Tryphon Cathedral.

• Savo MARKOVIĆ, Marc’Antonio Borisi: Život i smrt barskog i koparskog plemića, mletačkog Velikog Dragomana (o. 1570-1620), 75-122   DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: On the basis of historical sources and historiography, the life path and circumstances related to the death of Marc’Antonio Borisi (c. 1570-1620), the nobleman of Bar and Koper, the Grand Dragoman in the Venetian embassy of Constantinople, are reconsidered. The interdisciplinary approach to the research and particularly the comparative method shed light on the work, significance and reputation of this polyglot in the diplomatic world of the Ottoman capital, Venice and Europe.

• Radmilo N. Marojević, Tekstologija onomastičkih žanrova u Njegoševom spjevu Šćepan Mali, 123-165   DOWNLOAD

Abstract: This article deals with the onomastic genres in the epic “Stephen the Little“ by Petar II Petrovich­‑Nyegosh, that is to say (1) reconstruction of the anthroponyms (and demonyms): personal names, patronyms, surnames; (2) reconstruction of toponyms (and adjectonyms): Serbian, Russian and Oriental; (3) recontruction of ethnonyms: individual and collective ones. Final chapter reveals onomastic reconstruction of the epic “Stephen the Little“ in comparison with the onomastic reconstruction of the epic “The Mountain Wreath“.

• József Juhász, Hungarian Foreign Policy and Wars of the 1990s in Former Yugoslavia, 167-186   DOWNLOAD

Abstract: Only limited attention has been paid in the international academic literature to Hungary’s foreign policy on the disintegration of and the wars in Yugoslavia — as Hungary did not play a crucial role in the wars—and the issue has not even been covered in the Hungarian literature in a comprehensive way. However, Hungary was also affected by the wars of the 1990s due to its geographical neighbourhood, the Hungarian minority living in Yugoslavia, and its NATO membership (since 1999). The present study aims to contribute to filling the literature gaps by providing an overview of Hungarian foreign policy toward Yugoslavia at that time, relying mainly on Hungarian sources. The study demonstrates the involvement of Hungary and summarises the activities of three Hungarian governments of the 1990s — the Antall government, the Horn government and the first Orbán government — in relation to the South Slavic wars and international peace missions, focusing on the most important events.

• Radenko Šćekić, Istorijski revizionizam – upotreba istoriografije u (geo)političke svrhe, 187-206   DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: Consideration of historical events and personalities often differs from country to country. Historiography and media perception of history is mostly product of a particular social and ideological organization. Through the educational process and by control of media content induces the desired view of historical events and personalities. World wars are often subject to political revisionism.

• Bojan NOVAKOVIĆ, Tvrđava Onogošt, 207-225   DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: By depicting timeline of the research on the Onogošt Fortress, the author offers a critical insight into the generally accepted thesis concerning both the construction of the fortress on the foundations of the Roman castra and the Gothic Anagastum. Neither archaeological findings nor the archival data support the thesis that the fortress and the settlement have continuously existed from the ancient period until nowadays. Reconstruction of development of the urban strongholds in XVII and XVIII century was done based on the available resources. The currently available, absolutely insufficient, data on research points to the fact that the visible ramparts of the fortress were constructed by the Turks. Whether the appearance of certain structures or of the entire fortress was determined by previously existing foundations, and how many layers thereof were there, if any, will be determined in the ensuing archaeological research.

• Ilija M. MIJUŠKOVIĆ, Oproštaj od Savjetnika za izradu prvog Crnogorskog Ustava – Stevana Ćurčića, 227-231   DOWNLOAD

ABSTRACT: The goal of this paper is to familiarise the public with the eulogy for the Belgrade-based journalist, publicist and jurist, as well as the main adviser during the preparation of the first constitution of the Principality of Montenegro, which was delivered by a retired minister of the Principality of Montenegro – Mirko M. Mijušković.

IN MEMORIAM

• Komemorativna Sjednica održana u Rektoratu UCG povodom smrti Akademika Radoja Pajovića (5. jun 2019. god.), 233-239   DOWNLOAD

PRIKAZI

• Marković, Antal Molnár, Confessionalizaton on the Frontier. The Balkan Catholics between Roman Reform and Ottoman Reality. Viella (prvo izdanje), Roma 2019, 268 str, 241-248  DOWNLOAD
• Ž. Leković, Dr Radenko Šćekić: MEDIJI I GEOPOLITIKA, Medijska kultura, Nikšić, 2019, 249-251.   DOWNLOAD
• Šćekić, Željko Rutović: Postmediji – kriza smisla ili masmedijski totalitarizam, ZUNS, Podgorica, 2018, 253-255   DOWNLOAD